Things that made you laugh today (Political Version)

[Gelston]

What does the B in LGBT stand for, and what word does the B abbreviate, and what is the definition of said B word?

You won't answer this.

It stands for Bitchassmotherfucker

[Stumplicker]

Oh good Vishra is back. Does this mean she's going to give us the statistics on how the affordable care act saved all the children of the world from cancer?

[Astray]

Lesbian Gay Bitchassmotherfucker Trans??

wot

[rolfard]

Here, I'll extend the olive branch.

Bring to me actual cases based in science and not hysterical shout downs against science and I will gladly read it. Based in science, though. Not feelings.


To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum. Researchers have found XY cells in a 94-year-old woman, and surgeons discovered a womb in a 70-year-old man, a father of four. New evidence suggests that the brain consists of a “mosaic” of cell types, some more yin, others further along the yang scale.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/

[Gelston]

To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum. Researchers have found XY cells in a 94-year-old woman, and surgeons discovered a womb in a 70-year-old man, a father of four. New evidence suggests that the brain consists of a “mosaic” of cell types, some more yin, others further along the yang scale.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/

And he responds by linking an editorial.

[rolfard]

And he responds by linking an editorial.

Want something longer with more science?

https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00376.2005

[Astray]

To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum. Researchers have found XY cells in a 94-year-old woman, and surgeons discovered a womb in a 70-year-old man, a father of four. New evidence suggests that the brain consists of a “mosaic” of cell types, some more yin, others further along the yang scale.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/

94. Her genetic material is less of a blueprint and more of a guesstimate.

Also, yes, there are cases of men being born with ovaries and women with testes.


Want something longer with more science?

https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00376.2005


And he responds by linking an editorial.

[Methais]

94. Her genetic material is less of a blueprint and more of a guesstimate.

Also, yes, there are cases of men being born with ovaries and women with testes.

And those are called anomalies

[Gelston]

And those are called anomalies

They are called mutants and go to a special school under professor xavier

[Methais]

They are called mutants and go to a special school under professor xavier

Xavier: "What is your power?"

Mutant: "If I have enough hormone treatments I can grow tits and then cut my dick off and insist you refer to me as shethey!"

Xavier:
https://media.giphy.com/media/XsUtdIeJ0MWMo/source.gif

Mutant: "Look how oppressed I am by this drama I created for myself!"

[Neveragain]

Yes. And men can nurse babies- did you know that? There's a culture in existence right now that has- as far back as any of them can remember.

This is gibberish.

The hunter gatherer AKA tribe is 30,000/7,530,000,000 of the worlds population. Nature has made it plainly obvious that it has a preffered system and this is a perfect example of that. Those numerous societies nature has left behind on the ash heap of time and space.

You're using a regressive fallacy.

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/46510813_2268966713321231_1857919379560202240_n.jp g?_nc_cat=109&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=5730caaebdf4e6946d80176eb8e8ed5c&oe=5CAF63C4

Straight to insults when the flaws in his logic is pointed out. He's definitely a liberal.

[Taernath]

Man there is no way Gears of War had some deeper meaning than muscley bros rubbing their muscles on each other. I refuse to believe that.

[Methais]

Cliff's just whoring for lefty likes.

I had to look up Lawbreakers and Radical Heights. Both games bombed so hard that no one's ever heard of them. And the two separate studios he started to make those two games also shut down after. And apparently Radical Heights was a cheap battle royal cash grab that failed and tarnished his reputation as a game dev.

But yeah, apparently Gears of War is Gulf of War or something. :lol:

[Taernath]

Cliff's just whoring for lefty likes.

I had to look up Lawbreakers and Radical Heights. Both games bombed so hard that no one's ever heard of them. And the two separate studios he started to make those two games also shut down after. And apparently Radical Heights was a cheap battle royal cash grab that failed and tarnished his reputation as a game dev.

But yeah, apparently Gears of War is Gulf of War or something. :lol:

It's hilarious because all I really remember from the games are musclebros grunting at each other while they chainsawed bugmen in half (also, way to go using underground murderous bug-people as an analogy for Iraqis, CliffyB). I played the first three but I couldn't tell you the plot of the second and third, and I have the fourth installed on my Xbox but never got around to playing it. Maybe there's a metaphor THERE, too.

Here's some random nobody (and, I think, the only person) who's making the GoW/GWoT connection:
http://howtonotsuckatgamedesign.com/2013/09/gears-war-3-genocide/

[Methais]

It's hilarious because all I really remember from the games are musclebros grunting at each other while they chainsawed bugmen in half (also, way to go using underground murderous bug-people as an analogy for Iraqis, CliffyB). I played the first three but I couldn't tell you the plot of the second and third, and I have the fourth installed on my Xbox but never got around to playing it. Maybe there's a metaphor THERE, too.

Here's some random nobody (and, I think, the only person) who's making the GoW/GWoT connection:
http://howtonotsuckatgamedesign.com/2013/09/gears-war-3-genocide/

https://i.imgur.com/Y88AG79.png

Locusts aren't human, so how can they be dehumanized?

[Methais]

https://i.imgur.com/Xm2fplW.gif

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/46503302_2269028843315018_8116289648751280128_n.jp g?_nc_cat=111&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=252d69ca7b5c88322df06d45344ad612&oe=5CB2194E

https://i.imgur.com/o5ECfhL.gif

[Tgo01]

So first- there are more than two chromosomal combinations of X and Y, and they have a variety of physical expressions.

Anyone possessing anything other than XX or XY chromosomes almost always has severe mental or physical deformities. These are actual medically identified conditions that has absolutely nothing to do with gender dysphoria.

It's kind of disgusting that people like you are using people with actual mental health problems to push your "there are more than two genders!" crap.

[Stumplicker]

https://i.imgur.com/Xm2fplW.gif

This is freakin' great.

[Tgo01]

Breasts are fat. Yes. And men can nurse babies- did you know that? There's a culture in existence right now that has- as far back as any of them can remember- always had men breastfeeding babies instead of women. So I ask you again- if a man is overweight and has breasts- which are capable of lactating and feeding a baby- are they a woman? If not- what makes a someone a woman?

I'm gonna have to go ahead and call bullshit on this one. Please show me some sort of medical study or video that shows a man, a MAN, producing breast milk without any sort of drugs or medical procedure or some sort of genetic anomaly. Because some "culture in existence" claiming their men have always breastfed babies sounds like something Alex Jones would say.

[rolfard]

I'm gonna have to go ahead and call bullshit on this one. Please show me some sort of medical study or video that shows a man, a MAN, producing breast milk without any sort of drugs or medical procedure or some sort of genetic anomaly. Because some "culture in existence" claiming their men have always breastfed babies sounds like something Alex Jones would say.

Challenge accepted

Sorry, will relink when I have entire article

[Tgo01]

Challenge accepted

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534708003467

Close, but I said man, not male.

[Taernath]

I'm gonna have to go ahead and call bullshit on this one. Please show me some sort of medical study or video that shows a man, a MAN, producing breast milk without any sort of drugs or medical procedure or some sort of genetic anomaly. Because some "culture in existence" claiming their men have always breastfed babies sounds like something Alex Jones would say.

To re-iterate what I said above, I'm pretty sure she's talking about the Aka and misinterpreting something she read. I studied the Aka fairly heavily as part of my degree. The babies suckle on the men's nipples but it's a co-parenting thing, not a sustenance thing, the men haven't 'replaced women' as breastfeeders, and it's certainly not some kind of ancient tradition.

I'm legitimately interested in hearing which culture this is, if it's not the Aka.

[Tgo01]

To re-iterate what I said above, I'm pretty sure she's talking about the Aka and misinterpreting something she read. I studied the Aka fairly heavily as part of my degree. The babies suckle on the men's nipples but it's a co-parenting thing, not a sustenance thing, the men haven't 'replaced women' as breastfeeders, and it's certainly not some kind of ancient tradition.

I'm legitimately interested in hearing which culture this is, if it's not the Aka.

I can buy the co-parenting thing, different cultures have all sorts of different traditions.

time4fun wants us to believe that an entire civilization, going as far back as they can remember, have always had their men breastfeed their babies. This would indicate some sort of genetic quirk present in all men that has been passed down from generation to generation, completely counter to everything we know and understand about human biology.

I too would be interested in hearing which culture she is referring to. time4fun?

[rolfard]

Close, but I said man, not male.

This one's interesting

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267540/

[Tgo01]

This one's interesting

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267540/

Granted I just skimmed most of this but from what I gather it is a study about men being supportive of women while they are breastfeeding. Which is fine. It's similar to what Taernath suggested, men want to take part in the process of helping to raise and care for their children.

This is nothing remotely close to what time4fun suggested though, which is that men were actually breastfeeding babies.

[rolfard]

Read it again, all participants breastfeed

Despite increasing the number of pumping sessions at home and at work, Jocelyn’s milk supply continued to dwindle.14 In order to facilitate breastfeeding, Samuel drove to his wife’s work every day, often twice, so that their daughter would have adequate opportunities to breastfeed, providing her with a greater supply of milk than what Jocelyn could provide by pumping alone.

[Taernath]

Read it again, all participants breastfeed

Despite increasing the number of pumping sessions at home and at work, Jocelyn’s milk supply continued to dwindle.14 In order to facilitate breastfeeding, Samuel drove to his wife’s work every day, often twice, so that their daughter would have adequate opportunities to breastfeed, providing her with a greater supply of milk than what Jocelyn could provide by pumping alone.

What that is saying is that the pump wasn't able to stimulate enough milk production by itself, so Samuel took the daughter to Jocelyn's work so that she could breastfeed at work. The baby is drinking both pumped milk and from Jocelyn while she works. Samuel isn't breastfeeding the baby himself.

[Tgo01]

Read it again, all participants breastfeed

Despite increasing the number of pumping sessions at home and at work, Jocelyn’s milk supply continued to dwindle.14 In order to facilitate breastfeeding, Samuel drove to his wife’s work every day, often twice, so that their daughter would have adequate opportunities to breastfeed, providing her with a greater supply of milk than what Jocelyn could provide by pumping alone.

I think you're misreading this. Samuel was taking care of the baby at home because his part time job allowed him more free time to take care of the baby while Jocelyn's full time job didn't allow it. Jocelyn tried using a breast pump to fill up bottles so their baby could be fed while Samuel was at home taking care of the baby but due to her dwindling milk supply she wasn't able to pump enough milk. Thus Samuel drove the baby to Jocelyn's work so the baby could breastfeed from Jocelyn directly without having to use a pump and bottle. No where in that paragraph does it indicate Samuel was breastfeeding the baby.

[rolfard]

I think you're misreading this. Samuel was taking care of the baby at home because his part time job allowed him more free time to take care of the baby while Jocelyn's full time job didn't allow it. Jocelyn tried using a breast pump to fill up bottles so their baby could be fed while Samuel was at home taking care of the baby but due to her dwindling milk supply she wasn't able to pump enough milk. Thus Samuel drove the baby to Jocelyn's work so the baby could breastfeed from Jocelyn directly without having to use a pump and bottle. No where in that paragraph does it indicate Samuel was breastfeeding the baby.

Yah, easy to find editorials on the subject but hard to find scientific journals. Here's one more piece, but I don't favor spending my time on this tangent. it's proof positive it exists, but then again, why are we debating this beyond the 'challenge accepted', i'm not sure...

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2005-07/1121456585.An.r.html

[Tgo01]

why are we debating this beyond the 'challenge accepted', i'm not sure...

Because time4fun's argument is that there are more than two genders and her so called proof is there are people with different combinations of chromosomes other than XX or XY (which is true but that's almost always due to a mental health condition and nothing to do with gender dysphoria) and also that there is a civilization out there where the men are the ones who breastfeed the babies and this has been done for as long as these people can remember. While it's possible men could produce breast milk this will almost always be due to drugs the man is on, some sort of medical procedure the man underwent, or some sort of genetic anomaly. Outside of these reasons it's highly unlikely a man would ever produce enough breast milk to feed a baby, much less an entire civilization of men breastfeeding babies. But time4fun insists the men of this tribe just decided to be ones who breastfeed babies and therefore they took up that role. That is impossible given each and every single thing we know about human biology.

[Methais]

To re-iterate what I said above, I'm pretty sure she's talking about the Aka and misinterpreting something she read. I studied the Aka fairly heavily as part of my degree. The babies suckle on the men's nipples but it's a co-parenting thing, not a sustenance thing, the men haven't 'replaced women' as breastfeeders, and it's certainly not some kind of ancient tradition.

I'm legitimately interested in hearing which culture this is, if it's not the Aka.

If it is the Aka, which it probably is, then she won’t respond, because she wasn’t expecting anyone here to actually know anything about them or at least not more than whatever is on the first google result.

[Tgo01]

If it is the Aka, which it probably is, then she won’t respond, because she wasn’t expecting anyone here to actually know anything about them or at least not more than whatever is on the first google result.

Hey look at that, first Google result for "group of men who breastfeed" is:

Are the men of the African Aka tribe the best fathers in the world? (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jun/15/childrensservices.familyandrelationships)

[Wrathbringer]

If it is the Aka, which it probably is, then she won’t respond, because she wasn’t expecting anyone here to actually know anything about them or at least not more than whatever is on the first google result.

This is correct.


Hey look at that, first Google result for "group of men who breastfeed" is:

Are the men of the African Aka tribe the best fathers in the world? (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jun/15/childrensservices.familyandrelationships)

:lol:

[Wrathbringer]

To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum. Researchers have found XY cells in a 94-year-old woman, and surgeons discovered a womb in a 70-year-old man, a father of four. New evidence suggests that the brain consists of a “mosaic” of cell types, some more yin, others further along the yang scale.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/

You're retarded.

[Fortybox]

To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum. Researchers have found XY cells in a 94-year-old woman, and surgeons discovered a womb in a 70-year-old man, a father of four. New evidence suggests that the brain consists of a “mosaic” of cell types, some more yin, others further along the yang scale.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/

This would explain your stupid avatar.

[Methais]

Hey look at that, first Google result for "group of men who breastfeed" is:

Are the men of the African Aka tribe the best fathers in the world? (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jun/15/childrensservices.familyandrelationships)

:lol:


This is correct.



:lol:

:lol:

[drauz]

https://media.giphy.com/media/MVgLb4dtoWN5Jaqrzx/giphy.gif

[Methais]

Science Fiction writer claims the Lord Of The Rings series is 'racist' because it discriminates against orcs (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6428971/Science-Fiction-writer-claims-Lord-Rings-series-racist.html)

[Astray]

https://i.imgur.com/fQ31OOS.jpg

[drauz]

https://i.redd.it/arvjc6uc0k021.jpg

[Gelston]

https://i.redd.it/arvjc6uc0k021.jpg

Are You Experienced is the debut studio album by English-American rock band the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Released in 1967, the LP was an immediate critical and commercial success, and it is widely regarded as one of the greatest debuts in the history of rock music. The album features Jimi Hendrix's innovative approach to songwriting and electric guitar playing which soon established a new direction in psychedelic and hard rock music.

By mid-1966, Hendrix was struggling to earn a living playing the R&B circuit as a backing guitarist. After being referred to Chas Chandler, who was leaving the Animals and interested in managing and producing artists, Hendrix was signed to a management and production contract with Chandler and ex-Animals manager Michael Jeffery. Chandler brought Hendrix to London and began recruiting members for a band designed to showcase the guitarist's talents, the Jimi Hendrix Experience. In late October, after having been rejected by Decca Records, the Experience signed with Track, a new label formed by the Who's managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp.

Are You Experienced and its preceding singles were recorded over a five-month period from late October 1966 through early April 1967. The album was completed in sixteen recording sessions at three London locations, including De Lane Lea Studios, CBS Studios, and Olympic Studios. Released in the UK on May 12, 1967, Are You Experienced spent 33 weeks on the charts, peaking at number two. The album was issued in the US on August 23 by Reprise Records, where it reached number five on the US Billboard Top LPs, remaining on the chart for 106 weeks, 27 of those in the Top 40. The album also spent 70 weeks on the US Billboard Hot R&B LPs chart, where it peaked at number 10. The US version contained some of Hendrix's best known songs, including the Experience's first three singles, which, though omitted from the British edition of the LP, were top ten hits in the UK: "Purple Haze", "Hey Joe", and "The Wind Cries Mary".

In 2005, Rolling Stone ranked Are You Experienced 15th on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The magazine placed four songs from the album on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: "Purple Haze" (17), "Foxy Lady" (153), "Hey Joe" (201), and "The Wind Cries Mary" (379). That same year, the record was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress in recognition of its cultural significance to be added to the National Recording Registry. Writer and archivist Reuben Jackson of the Smithsonian Institution wrote: "it's still a landmark recording because it is of the rock, R&B, blues ... musical tradition. It altered the syntax of the music ... in a way I compare to James Joyce's Ulysses." Are you Drauz in game?

[drauz]

Are You Experienced is the debut studio album by English-American rock band the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Released in 1967, the LP was an immediate critical and commercial success, and it is widely regarded as one of the greatest debuts in the history of rock music. The album features Jimi Hendrix's innovative approach to songwriting and electric guitar playing which soon established a new direction in psychedelic and hard rock music.

By mid-1966, Hendrix was struggling to earn a living playing the R&B circuit as a backing guitarist. After being referred to Chas Chandler, who was leaving the Animals and interested in managing and producing artists, Hendrix was signed to a management and production contract with Chandler and ex-Animals manager Michael Jeffery. Chandler brought Hendrix to London and began recruiting members for a band designed to showcase the guitarist's talents, the Jimi Hendrix Experience. In late October, after having been rejected by Decca Records, the Experience signed with Track, a new label formed by the Who's managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp.

Are You Experienced and its preceding singles were recorded over a five-month period from late October 1966 through early April 1967. The album was completed in sixteen recording sessions at three London locations, including De Lane Lea Studios, CBS Studios, and Olympic Studios. Released in the UK on May 12, 1967, Are You Experienced spent 33 weeks on the charts, peaking at number two. The album was issued in the US on August 23 by Reprise Records, where it reached number five on the US Billboard Top LPs, remaining on the chart for 106 weeks, 27 of those in the Top 40. The album also spent 70 weeks on the US Billboard Hot R&B LPs chart, where it peaked at number 10. The US version contained some of Hendrix's best known songs, including the Experience's first three singles, which, though omitted from the British edition of the LP, were top ten hits in the UK: "Purple Haze", "Hey Joe", and "The Wind Cries Mary".

In 2005, Rolling Stone ranked Are You Experienced 15th on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The magazine placed four songs from the album on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: "Purple Haze" (17), "Foxy Lady" (153), "Hey Joe" (201), and "The Wind Cries Mary" (379). That same year, the record was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress in recognition of its cultural significance to be added to the National Recording Registry. Writer and archivist Reuben Jackson of the Smithsonian Institution wrote: "it's still a landmark recording because it is of the rock, R&B, blues ... musical tradition. It altered the syntax of the music ... in a way I compare to James Joyce's Ulysses." Are you Drauz in game?

https://pics.me.me/thats-a-cool-story-bro-but-let-me-get-an-4385393.png

[Gelston]

https://pics.me.me/thats-a-cool-story-bro-but-let-me-get-an-4385393.png

Gelatin, a protein produced from collagen extracted from boiled bones, connective tissues, and other animal products, has been a component of food, particularly desserts, since the 15th century.

Gelatin was popularized in New York in the Victorian era with spectacular and complex jelly moulds. Gelatin was sold in sheets and had to be purified, which was time-consuming. Gelatin desserts were the province of royalty and the relatively well-to-do. In 1845, a patent for powdered gelatin was obtained by industrialist Peter Cooper, who built the first American steam-powered locomotive, the Tom Thumb. This powdered gelatin was easy to manufacture and easier to use in cooking.

In 1897, in LeRoy, New York, carpenter and cough syrup manufacturer Pearle Bixby Wait trademarked a gelatin dessert, called Jell-O. His wife May and he added strawberry, raspberry, orange, and lemon flavoring to granulated gelatin and sugar. Then in 1899, Jell-O was sold to Orator Francis Woodward (1856–1906), whose Genesee Pure Food Company produced the successful Grain-O health drink. Part of the legal agreement between Woodward and Wait dealt with the similar Jell-O name. Are you Drauz in game?

[drauz]

Gelston has turned into a Russian spam bot

[Astray]

https://pics.me.me/thats-a-cool-story-bro-but-let-me-get-an-4385393.png

Story is only moderately interesting at best. I would not pay over 100 cool bucks.

[Methais]

Gelatin, a protein produced from collagen extracted from boiled bones, connective tissues, and other animal products, has been a component of food, particularly desserts, since the 15th century.

Gelatin was popularized in New York in the Victorian era with spectacular and complex jelly moulds. Gelatin was sold in sheets and had to be purified, which was time-consuming. Gelatin desserts were the province of royalty and the relatively well-to-do. In 1845, a patent for powdered gelatin was obtained by industrialist Peter Cooper, who built the first American steam-powered locomotive, the Tom Thumb. This powdered gelatin was easy to manufacture and easier to use in cooking.

In 1897, in LeRoy, New York, carpenter and cough syrup manufacturer Pearle Bixby Wait trademarked a gelatin dessert, called Jell-O. His wife May and he added strawberry, raspberry, orange, and lemon flavoring to granulated gelatin and sugar. Then in 1899, Jell-O was sold to Orator Francis Woodward (1856–1906), whose Genesee Pure Food Company produced the successful Grain-O health drink. Part of the legal agreement between Woodward and Wait dealt with the similar Jell-O name. Are you Drauz in game?

History of timekeeping devices


An hourglass keeping track of elapsed time. The hourglass was one of the earlier timekeeping devices and has become a symbol of the concept of time.
For thousands of years, devices have been used to measure and keep track of time. The current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates to approximately 2000 bc from the Sumerians.

The Egyptians divided the day into two 12-hour periods, and used large obelisks to track the movement of the sun. They also developed water clocks, which were probably first used in the Precinct of Amun-Re, and later outside Egypt as well; they were employed frequently by the Ancient Greeks, who called them clepsydrae. The Zhou dynasty is believed to have used the outflow water clock around the same time, devices which were introduced from Mesopotamia as early as 2000 bc.

Other ancient timekeeping devices include the candle clock, used in ancient China, ancient Japan, England and Mesopotamia; the timestick, widely used in India and Tibet, as well as some parts of Europe; and the hourglass, which functioned similarly to a water clock. The sundial, another early clock, relies on shadows to provide a good estimate of the hour on a sunny day. It is not so useful in cloudy weather or at night and requires recalibration as the seasons change (if the gnomon was not aligned with the Earth's axis).

The earliest known clock with a water-powered escapement mechanism, which transferred rotational energy into intermittent motions,[1] dates back to 3rd century bc in ancient Greece;[2] Chinese engineers later invented clocks incorporating mercury-powered escapement mechanisms in the 10th century,[3] followed by Iranian engineers inventing water clocks driven by gears and weights in the 11th century.[4]

The first mechanical clocks, employing the verge escapement mechanism with a foliot or balance wheel timekeeper, were invented in Europe at around the start of the 14th century, and became the standard timekeeping device until the pendulum clock was invented in 1656. The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century allowed portable clocks to be built, evolving into the first pocketwatches by the 17th century, but these were not very accurate until the balance spring was added to the balance wheel in the mid 17th century.

The pendulum clock remained the most accurate timekeeper until the 1930s, when quartz oscillators were invented, followed by atomic clocks after World War 2. Although initially limited to laboratories, the development of microelectronics in the 1960s made quartz clocks both compact and cheap to produce, and by the 1980s they became the world's dominant timekeeping technology in both clocks and wristwatches.

Atomic clocks are far more accurate than any previous timekeeping device, and are used to calibrate other clocks and to calculate the International Atomic Time; a standardized civil system, Coordinated Universal Time, is based on atomic time.

Timekeeping devices of early civilizations
See also: Water clock (clepsydra) and Water clock

The sun rising over Stonehenge on the June solstice
Many ancient civilizations observed astronomical bodies, often the Sun and Moon, to determine times, dates, and seasons.[5][6] The first calendars may have been created during the last glacial period, by hunter-gatherers who employed tools such as sticks and bones to track the phases of the moon or the seasons.[6] Stone circles, such as England's Stonehenge, were built in various parts of the world, especially in Prehistoric Europe, and are thought to have been used to time and predict seasonal and annual events such as equinoxes or solstices.[6][7] As those megalithic civilizations left no recorded history, little is known of their calendars or timekeeping methods.[8] Methods of sexagesimal timekeeping, now common in both Western and Eastern societies, are first attested nearly 4,000 years ago in Mesopotamia and Egypt.[5][9] Mesoamericans similarly modified their usual vigesimal counting system when dealing with calendars to produce a 360-day year.[10]

Ancient Egypt
See also: History of timekeeping devices in Egypt

Ancient Egyptian sundial (c. 1500 bc) from the Valley of the Kings. Daytime divided into 12 parts.
The oldest known sundial is from Egypt; it dates back to around 1500 bc (19th Dynasty), and was discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 2013.[11] Sundials have their origin in shadow clocks, which were the first devices used for measuring the parts of a day.[12] Ancient Egyptian obelisks, constructed about 3500 bc, are also among the earliest shadow clocks.[6][13][14]


The Luxor Obelisk in Place de la Concorde, Paris, France
Egyptian shadow clocks divided daytime into 12 parts with each part further divided into more precise parts.[11] One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks. It was positioned eastward in the morning, and was turned west at noon. Obelisks functioned in much the same manner: the shadow cast on the markers around it allowed the Egyptians to calculate the time. The obelisk also indicated whether it was morning or afternoon, as well as the summer and winter solstices.[6][15] A third shadow clock, developed c. 1500 bc, was similar in shape to a bent T-square. It measured the passage of time by the shadow cast by its crossbar on a non-linear rule. The T was oriented eastward in the mornings, and turned around at noon, so that it could cast its shadow in the opposite direction.[16]

Although accurate, shadow clocks relied on the sun, and so were useless at night and in cloudy weather.[15][17] The Egyptians therefore developed a number of alternative timekeeping instruments, including water clocks, and a system for tracking star movements. The oldest description of a water clock is from the tomb inscription of the 16th-century bc Egyptian court official Amenemhet, identifying him as its inventor.[18] There were several types of water clocks, some more elaborate than others. One type consisted of a bowl with small holes in its bottom, which was floated on water and allowed to fill at a near-constant rate; markings on the side of the bowl indicated elapsed time, as the surface of the water reached them. The oldest-known waterclock was found in the tomb of pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 bc), suggesting that they were first used in ancient Egypt.[15][19][20] Another Egyptian method of determining the time during the night was using plumb-lines called merkhets. In use since at least 600 bc, two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris, the north pole star, to create a north–south meridian. The time was accurately measured by observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the merkhets.[15][21]

Ancient Greece and Rome
See also: Clock tower, Ancient Greek technology, and Roman timekeeping

Ctesibius's clepsydra from the 3rd century bc. Clepsydra, literally water thief, is the Greek word for water clock.[22]
Water clocks, or clepsydrae, were commonly used in Ancient Greece following their introduction by Plato, who also invented a water-based alarm clock.[23][24] One account of Plato's alarm clock describes it as depending on the nightly overflow of a vessel containing lead balls, which floated in a columnar vat. The vat held a steadily increasing amount of water, supplied by a cistern. By morning, the vessel would have floated high enough to tip over, causing the lead balls to cascade onto a copper platter. The resultant clangor would then awaken Plato's students at the Academy.[25] Another possibility is that it comprised two jars, connected by a siphon. Water emptied until it reached the siphon, which transported the water to the other jar. There, the rising water would force air through a whistle, sounding an alarm.[24] The Greeks and Chaldeans regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations.

Greek astronomer, Andronicus of Cyrrhus, supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the 1st century bc.


The Tower of the Winds in Athens, Greece, a 1st-century-BC clocktower from the period of Roman Greece
In Greek tradition, clepsydrae were used in court; later, the Romans adopted this practice, as well. There are several mentions of this in historical records and literature of the era; for example, in Theaetetus, Plato says that "Those men, on the other hand, always speak in haste, for the flowing water urges them on".[26] Another mention occurs in Lucius Apuleius' The Golden Ass: "The Clerk of the Court began bawling again, this time summoning the chief witness for the prosecution to appear. Up stepped an old man, whom I did not know. He was invited to speak for as long as there was water in the clock; this was a hollow globe into which water was poured through a funnel in the neck, and from which it gradually escaped through fine perforations at the base".[27] The clock in Apuleius's account was one of several types of water clock used. Another consisted of a bowl with a hole in its centre, which was floated on water. Time was kept by observing how long the bowl took to fill with water.[28]

Although clepsydrae were more useful than sundials—they could be used indoors, during the night, and also when the sky was cloudy—they were not as accurate; the Greeks, therefore, sought a way to improve their water clocks.[29] Although still not as accurate as sundials, Greek water clocks became more accurate around 325 bc, and they were adapted to have a face with an hour hand, making the reading of the clock more precise and convenient. One of the more common problems in most types of clepsydrae was caused by water pressure: when the container holding the water was full, the increased pressure caused the water to flow more rapidly. This problem was addressed by Greek and Roman horologists beginning in 100 bc, and improvements continued to be made in the following centuries. To counteract the increased water flow, the clock's water containers—usually bowls or jugs—were given a conical shape; positioned with the wide end up, a greater amount of water had to flow out in order to drop the same distance as when the water was lower in the cone. Along with this improvement, clocks were constructed more elegantly in this period, with hours marked by gongs, doors opening to miniature figurines, bells, or moving mechanisms.[15] There were some remaining problems, however, which were never solved, such as the effect of temperature. Water flows more slowly when cold, or may even freeze.[30]

Between 270 bc and ad 500, Hellenistic (Ctesibius, Hero of Alexandria, Archimedes) and Roman horologists and astronomers began developing more elaborate mechanized water clocks. The added complexity was aimed at regulating the flow and at providing fancier displays of the passage of time. For example, some water clocks rang bells and gongs, while others opened doors and windows to show figurines of people, or moved pointers, and dials. Some even displayed astrological models of the universe.

Although the Greeks and Romans did much to advance water clock technology, they still continued to use shadow clocks. The mathematician and astronomer Theodosius of Bithynia, for example, is said to have invented a universal sundial that was accurate anywhere on Earth, though little is known about it.[31] Others wrote of the sundial in the mathematics and literature of the period. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman author of De Architectura, wrote on the mathematics of gnomons, or sundial blades.[32] During the reign of Emperor Augustus, the Romans constructed the largest sundial ever built, the Solarium Augusti. Its gnomon was an obelisk from Heliopolis.[33] Similarly, the obelisk from Campus Martius was used as the gnomon for Augustus's zodiacal sundial.[34] Pliny the Elder records that the first sundial in Rome arrived in 264 bc, looted from Catania, Sicily; according to him, it gave the incorrect time until the markings and angle appropriate for Rome's latitude were used—a century later.[35]

Ancient and medieval Persia
See also: History of science and technology in Persia

Ancient Persian clock.

Ancient Persian clock

Reconstruction of the scene of a water clock manager (MirAab), Iran
According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using water clocks in 328 bc to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Zeebad, dates back to 500 bc. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the Nowruz, Chelah, or Yaldā – the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar.[36]

Water clocks, or Fenjaan, in Persia reached a level of accuracy comparable to today's standards of timekeeping. The fenjaan was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation of the farms, until it was replaced by more accurate current clock.[36] Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm. The qanat was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important. Therefore, a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock, and at least two full-time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights.[37]

The fenjaan was a big pot full of water and a bowl with small hole in the center. When the bowl become full of water, it would sink into the pot, and the manager would empty the bowl and again put it on the top of the water in the pot. He would record the number of times the bowl sank by putting small stones into a jar.[37]

The place where the clock was situated, and its managers, were collectively known as khaneh fenjaan. Usually this would be the top floor of a public-house, with west- and east-facing windows to show the time of sunset and sunrise. There was also another time-keeping tool named a staryab or astrolabe, but it was mostly used for superstitious beliefs and was not practical for use as a farmers' calendar. The Zeebad Gonabad water clock was in use until 1965 when it was substituted by modern clocks.[36]

Ancient and medieval China
See also: History of science and technology in China and Su Song
Joseph Needham speculated that the introduction of the outflow clepsydra to China, perhaps from Mesopotamia, occurred as far back as the 2nd millennium bc, during the Shang Dynasty, and at the latest by the 1st millennium bc. By the beginning of the Han Dynasty, in 202 bc, the outflow clepsydra was gradually replaced by the inflow clepsydra, which featured an indicator rod on a float. To compensate for the falling pressure head in the reservoir, which slowed timekeeping as the vessel filled, Zhang Heng added an extra tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel. Around 550 AD, Yin Gui was the first in China to write of the overflow or constant-level tank added to the series, which was later described in detail by the inventor Shen Kuo. Around 610, this design was trumped by two Sui Dynasty inventors, Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai, who were the first to create the balance clepsydra, with standard positions for the steelyard balance.[38] Joseph Needham states that:

... [the balance clepsydra] permitted the seasonal adjustment of the pressure head in the compensating tank by having standard positions for the counterweight graduated on the beam, and hence it could control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night. With this arrangement no overflow tank was required, and the two attendants were warned when the clepsydra needed refilling.[38]

Timekeeping innovations in medieval and pre-modern periods
The term 'clock' encompasses a wide spectrum of devices, ranging from wristwatches to the Clock of the Long Now. The English word clock is said to derive from the Middle English clokke, Old North French cloque, or Middle Dutch clocke, all of which mean bell, and are derived from the Medieval Latin clocca, also meaning bell.[39][40][41] Indeed, bells were used to mark the passage of time; they marked the passage of the hours at sea and in abbeys.

Throughout history, clocks have had a variety of power sources, including gravity, springs, and electricity.[42][43] Mechanical clocks became widespread in the 14th century, when they were used in medieval monasteries to keep the regulated schedule of prayers. The clock continued to be improved, with the first pendulum clock being designed and built in the 17th century.

Candle clocks
Main article: Candle clock

A candle clock
The earliest mention of candle clocks comes from a Chinese poem, written in ad 520 by You Jianfu. According to the poem, the graduated candle was a means of determining time at night. Similar candles were used in Japan until the early 10th century.[44]

The candle clock most commonly mentioned and written of is attributed to King Alfred the Great. It consisted of six candles made from 72 pennyweights of wax, each 12 inches (30 cm) high, and of uniform thickness, marked every inch (2.54 cm). As these candles burned for about four hours, each mark represented 20 minutes. Once lit, the candles were placed in wooden framed glass boxes, to prevent the flame from extinguishing.[45]

The most sophisticated candle clocks of their time were those of Al-Jazari in 1206. One of his candle clocks included a dial to display the time and, for the first time, employed a bayonet fitting, a fastening mechanism still used in modern times.[46] Donald Routledge Hill described Al-Jazari's candle clocks as follows:

The candle, whose rate of burning was known, bore against the underside of the cap, and its wick passed through the hole. Wax collected in the indentation and could be removed periodically so that it did not interfere with steady burning. The bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight. As the candle burned away, the weight pushed it upward at a constant speed. The automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the candle. No other candle clocks of this sophistication are known.[47]


An oil-lamp clock
A variation on this theme were oil-lamp clocks. These early timekeeping devices consisted of a graduated glass reservoir to hold oil — usually whale oil, which burned cleanly and evenly — supplying the fuel for a built-in lamp. As the level in the reservoir dropped, it provided a rough measure of the passage of time.

Incense clocks
Main article: Incense clock
In addition to water, mechanical, and candle clocks, incense clocks were used in the Far East, and were fashioned in several different forms.[48] Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century; in Japan, one still exists in the Shōsōin,[49] although its characters are not Chinese, but Devanagari.[50] Due to their frequent use of Devanagari characters, suggestive of their use in Buddhist ceremonies, Edward H. Schafer speculated that incense clocks were invented in India.[50] Although similar to the candle clock, incense clocks burned evenly and without a flame; therefore, they were more accurate and safer for indoor use.[51]

Several types of incense clock have been found, the most common forms include the incense stick and incense seal.[52][53] An incense stick clock was an incense stick with calibrations;[53] most were elaborate, sometimes having threads, with weights attached, at even intervals. The weights would drop onto a platter or gong below, signifying that a certain amount of time had elapsed. Some incense clocks were held in elegant trays; open-bottomed trays were also used, to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray.[54][55] Sticks of incense with different scents were also used, so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance.[56] The incense sticks could be straight or spiraled; the spiraled ones were longer, and were therefore intended for long periods of use, and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples.[57]

In Japan, a geisha was paid for the number of senkodokei (incense sticks) that had been consumed while she was present, a practice which continued until 1924.[58] Incense seal clocks were used for similar occasions and events as the stick clock; while religious purposes were of primary importance,[52] these clocks were also popular at social gatherings, and were used by Chinese scholars and intellectuals.[59] The seal was a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves etched in it[52] into which incense was placed.[60] These clocks were common in China,[59] but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan.[61] To signal the passage of a specific amount of time, small pieces of fragrant woods, resins, or different scented incenses could be placed on the incense powder trails. Different powdered incense clocks used different formulations of incense, depending on how the clock was laid out.[62] The length of the trail of incense, directly related to the size of the seal, was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last; all burned for long periods of time, ranging between 12 hours and a month.[63][64][65]

While early incense seals were made of wood or stone, the Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal, most likely beginning during the Song dynasty. This allowed craftsmen to more easily create both large and small seals, as well as design and decorate them more aesthetically. Another advantage was the ability to vary the paths of the grooves, to allow for the changing length of the days in the year. As smaller seals became more readily available, the clocks grew in popularity among the Chinese, and were often given as gifts.[66] Incense seal clocks are often sought by modern-day clock collectors; however, few remain that have not already been purchased or been placed on display at museums or temples.[61]

Sundials
Main article: Sundial

A 20th-century sundial in Seville, Andalusia, Spain
Sundials had been used for timekeeping since Ancient Egypt. Ancient dials were nodus-based with straight hour-lines that indicated unequal hours—also called temporary hours—that varied with the seasons. Every day was divided into 12 equal segments regardless of the time of year; thus, hours were shorter in winter and longer in summer. The sundial was further developed by Muslim astronomers. The idea of using hours of equal length throughout the year was the innovation of Abu'l-Hasan Ibn al-Shatir in 1371, based on earlier developments in trigonometry by Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albategni). Ibn al-Shatir was aware that "using a gnomon that is parallel to the Earth's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours on any day of the year". His sundial is the oldest polar-axis sundial still in existence. The concept appeared in Western sundials starting in 1446.[67][68]

Following the acceptance of heliocentrism and equal hours, as well as advances in trigonometry, sundials appeared in their present form during the Renaissance, when they were built in large numbers.[69] In 1524, the French astronomer Oronce Finé constructed an ivory sundial, which still exists;[70] later, in 1570, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Padovani published a treatise including instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. Similarly, Giuseppe Biancani's Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria (c. 1620) discusses how to construct sundials.[71]

Hourglass
Main article: Hourglass
Since the hourglass was one of the few reliable methods of measuring time at sea, it is speculated that it was used on board ships as far back as the 11th century, when it would have complemented the magnetic compass as an aid to navigation. However, the earliest unambiguous evidence of their use appears in the painting Allegory of Good Government, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, from 1338.[72] From the 15th century onwards, hourglasses were used in a wide range of applications at sea, in churches, in industry, and in cooking; they were the first dependable, reusable, reasonably accurate, and easily constructed time-measurement devices. The hourglass also took on symbolic meanings, such as that of death, temperance, opportunity, and Father Time, usually represented as a bearded, old man.[73] Though also used in China, the hourglass's history there is unknown.[74] The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan used 18 hourglasses on each ship during his circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.[75]

Clocks with gears and escapements
The earliest instance of a liquid-driven escapement was described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (fl. 3rd century bc) in his technical treatise Pneumatics (chapter 31) where he likens the escapement mechanism of a washstand automaton with those as employed in (water) clocks.[2] Another early clock to use escapements was built during the 7th century in Chang'an, by Tantric monk and mathematician, Yi Xing, and government official Liang Lingzan.[76][77] An astronomical instrument that served as a clock, it was discussed in a contemporary text as follows:[78]

[It] was made in the image of the round heavens and on it were shown the lunar mansions in their order, the equator and the degrees of the heavenly circumference. Water, flowing into scoops, turned a wheel automatically, rotating it one complete revolution in one day and night. Besides this, there were two rings fitted around the celestial sphere outside, having the sun and moon threaded on them, and these were made to move in circling orbit ... And they made a wooden casing the surface of which represented the horizon, since the instrument was half sunk in it. It permitted the exact determinations of the time of dawns and dusks, full and new moons, tarrying and hurrying. Moreover, there were two wooden jacks standing on the horizon surface, having one a bell and the other a drum in front of it, the bell being struck automatically to indicate the hours, and the drum being beaten automatically to indicate the quarters. All these motions were brought about by machinery within the casing, each depending on wheels and shafts, hooks, pins and interlocking rods, stopping devices and locks checking mutually.[78]


The original diagram of Su Song's book showing the inner workings of his clock tower
Since Yi Xing's clock was a water clock, it was affected by temperature variations. That problem was solved in 976 by Zhang Sixun by replacing the water with mercury, which remains liquid down to −39 °C (−38 °F). Zhang implemented the changes into his clock tower, which was about 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with escapements to keep the clock turning and bells to signal every quarter-hour. Another noteworthy clock, the elaborate Cosmic Engine, was built by Su Song, in 1088. It was about the size of Zhang's tower, but had an automatically rotating armillary sphere—also called a celestial globe—from which the positions of the stars could be observed. It also featured five panels with mannequins ringing gongs or bells, and tablets showing the time of day, or other special times.[15] Furthermore, it featured the first known endless power-transmitting chain drive in horology.[3] Originally built in the capital of Kaifeng, it was dismantled by the Jin army and sent to the capital of Yanjing (now Beijing), where they were unable to put it back together. As a result, Su Song's son Su Xie was ordered to build a replica.[79]


Drawing of the Jayrun Water Clock in Damascus from the treatise On the Construction of Clocks and their Use (1203)
The clock towers built by Zhang Sixun and Su Song, in the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively, also incorporated a striking clock mechanism, the use of clock jacks to sound the hours.[80] A striking clock outside of China was the Jayrun Water Clock, at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria, which struck once every hour. It was constructed by Muhammad al-Sa'ati in the 12th century, and later described by his son Ridwan ibn al-Sa'ati, in his On the Construction of Clocks and their Use (1203), when repairing the clock.[81] In 1235, an early monumental water-powered alarm clock that "announced the appointed hours of prayer and the time both by day and by night" was completed in the entrance hall of the Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad.[82]

The first geared clock was invented in the 11th century by the Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Islamic Iberia; it was a water clock that employed a complex gear train mechanism, including both segmental and epicyclic gearing,[4][83] capable of transmitting high torque. The clock was unrivalled in its use of sophisticated complex gearing, until the mechanical clocks of the mid-14th century.[83] Al-Muradi's clock also employed the use of mercury in its hydraulic linkages,[84][85] which could function mechanical automata.[85] Al-Muradi's work was known to scholars working under Alfonso X of Castile,[86] hence the mechanism may have played a role in the development of the European mechanical clocks.[83] Other monumental water clocks constructed by medieval Muslim engineers also employed complex gear trains and arrays of automata.[87] Like the earlier Greeks and Chinese, Arab engineers at the time also developed a liquid-driven escapement mechanism which they employed in some of their water clocks. Heavy floats were used as weights and a constant-head system was used as an escapement mechanism,[4] which was present in the hydraulic controls they used to make heavy floats descend at a slow and steady rate.[87]

A mercury clock, described in the Libros del saber de Astronomia, a Spanish work from 1277 consisting of translations and paraphrases of Arabic works, is sometimes quoted as evidence for Muslim knowledge of a mechanical clock. However, the device was actually a compartmented cylindrical water clock,[88] which the Jewish author of the relevant section, Rabbi Isaac, constructed using principles described by a philosopher named "Iran", identified with Heron of Alexandria (fl. 1st century AD), on how heavy objects may be lifted.[89]

Clock towers
Main article: Clock tower
See also: Turret clock and Striking clock
Clock towers in Western Europe in the Middle Ages were also sometimes striking clocks. The most famous original still standing is possibly St Mark's Clock on the top of St Mark's Clocktower in St Mark's Square in Venice, assembled in 1493 by the clockmaker Gian Carlo Rainieri from Reggio Emilia. In 1497, Simone Campanato moulded the great bell on which every definite time-lapse is beaten by two mechanical bronze statues (h. 2,60 m.) called Due Mori (Two Moors), handling a hammer. Possibly earlier (1490) is the Prague Astronomical Clock by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš) – according to another source this device was assembled as early as 1410 by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and mathematician Jan Šindel. The allegorical parade of animated sculptures rings on the hour every day.

Astronomical clocks
Main article: Astronomical clock

Astrolabes were used as astronomical clocks by Muslim astronomers at mosques and observatories.
During the 11th century in the Song Dynasty, the Chinese astronomer, horologist and mechanical engineer Su Song created a water-driven astronomical clock for his clock tower of Kaifeng City. It incorporated an escapement mechanism as well as the earliest known endless power-transmitting chain drive, which drove the armillary sphere.

Contemporary Muslim astronomers also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their mosques and observatories,[90] such as the water-powered astronomical clock by Al-Jazari in 1206,[91] and the astrolabic clock by Ibn al-Shatir in the early 14th century.[92] The most sophisticated timekeeping astrolabes were the geared astrolabe mechanisms designed by Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the 11th century and by Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr in the 13th century. These devices functioned as timekeeping devices and also as calendars.[4]


Castle clock by Al-Jazari, 14th-century illustration
A sophisticated water-powered astronomical clock was built by Al-Jazari in 1206. This castle clock was a complex device that was about 11 feet (3.4 m) high, and had multiple functions alongside timekeeping. It included a display of the zodiac and the solar and lunar paths, and a pointer in the shape of the crescent moon which travelled across the top of a gateway, moved by a hidden cart and causing doors to open, each revealing a mannequin, every hour.[47][93] It was possible to reset the length of day and night in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year. This clock also featured a number of automata including falcons and musicians who automatically played music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel.[94]

Early mechanical clocks and watches
Main articles: Mechanical clock and Mechanical watch
See also: Alarm clock

The astronomical clock of St Albans Abbey, built by its abbot, Richard of Wallingford. British Library, London.
The earliest medieval European clockmakers were Catholic monks.[95] Medieval religious institutions required clocks because they regulated daily prayer- and work-schedules strictly, using various types of time-telling and recording devices, such as water clocks, sundials and marked candles, probably in combination.[43][96] When mechanical clocks came into use, they were often wound at least twice a day to ensure accuracy.[97] Monasteries broadcast important times and durations with bells, rung either by hand or by a mechanical device, such as by a falling weight or by rotating beater.

Although the mortuary inscription of Pacificus, archdeacon of Verona, records that he constructed a night clock (horologium nocturnum) as early as 850,[98] his clock has been identified as being an observation tube used to locate stars with an accompanying book of astronomical observations, rather than a mechanical or water clock, an interpretation supported by illustrations from medieval manuscripts.[99][100]

The religious necessities and technical skill of the medieval monks were crucial factors in the development of clocks, as the historian Thomas Woods writes:

The monks also counted skillful clock-makers among them. The first recorded clock was built by the future Pope Sylvester II for the German town of Magdeburg, around the year 996. Much more sophisticated clocks were built by later monks. Peter Lightfoot, a 14th-century monk of Glastonbury, built one of the oldest clocks still in existence, which now sits in excellent condition in London's Science Museum.[101]

The appearance of clocks in writings of the 11th century implies that they were well known in Europe in that period.[102] In the early 14th-century, the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri referred to a clock in his Paradiso;[103] the first known literary reference to a clock that struck the hours.[102] Giovanni da Dondi, Professor of Astronomy at Padua, presented the earliest detailed description of clockwork in his 1364 treatise Il Tractatus Astrarii.[104] This has inspired several modern replicas, including some in London's Science Museum and the Smithsonian Institution.[104] Other notable examples from this period were built in Milan (1335), Strasbourg (1354), Lund (1380), Rouen (1389), and Prague (1462).[104]

Salisbury cathedral clock, dating from about 1386, is one of the oldest working clocks in the world, and may be the oldest. It still has most of its original parts,[105] although its original verge and foliot timekeeping mechanism is lost, having been converted to a pendulum, which was replaced by a replica verge in 1956. It has no dial, as its purpose was to strike a bell at precise times.[105] The wheels and gears are mounted in an open, box-like iron frame, measuring about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) square. The framework is held together with metal dowels and pegs. Two large stones, hanging from pulleys, supply the power. As the weights fall, ropes unwind from the wooden barrels. One barrel drives the main wheel, which is regulated by the escapement, and the other drives the striking mechanism and the air brake.[105]

Note also Peter Lightfoot's Wells Cathedral clock, constructed c. 1390.[106][107] The dial represents a geocentric view of the universe, with the Sun and Moon revolving around a central fixed Earth. It is unique in having its original medieval face, showing a philosophical model of the pre-Copernican universe.[108] Above the clock is a set of figures, which hit the bells, and a set of jousting knights who revolve around a track every 15 minutes.[108][109] The clock was converted to pendulum-and-anchor escapement in the 17th century, and was installed in London's Science Museum in 1884, where it continues to operate.[109] Similar astronomical clocks, or horologes, survive at Exeter, Ottery St Mary, and Wimborne Minster.


The face of the Prague Astronomical Clock (1462)
One clock that has not survived is that of the Abbey of St Albans, built by the 14th-century abbot Richard of Wallingford.[110] It may have been destroyed during Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, but the abbot's notes on its design have allowed a full-scale reconstruction. As well as keeping time, the astronomical clock could accurately predict lunar eclipses, and may have shown the Sun, Moon (age, phase, and node), stars and planets, as well as a wheel of fortune, and an indicator of the state of the tide at London Bridge.[111] According to Thomas Woods, "a clock that equaled it in technological sophistication did not appear for at least two centuries".[101][112] Giovanni de Dondi was another early mechanical clockmaker whose clock did not survive, but his work has been replicated based on the designs. De Dondi's clock was a seven-faced construction with 107 moving parts, showing the positions of the Sun, Moon, and five planets, as well as religious feast days.[111] Around this period, mechanical clocks were introduced into abbeys and monasteries to mark important events and times, gradually replacing water clocks which had served the same purpose.[113][114]

During the Middle Ages, clocks primarily served religious purposes; the first employed for secular timekeeping emerged around the 15th century. In Dublin, the official measurement of time became a local custom, and by 1466 a public clock stood on top of the Tholsel (the city court and council chamber).[115] It was the first of its kind to be clearly recorded in Ireland, and would only have had an hour hand.[115] The increasing lavishness of castles led to the introduction of turret clocks.[116] A 1435 example survives from Leeds castle; its face is decorated with the images of the Crucifixion of Jesus, Mary and St George.[116]

Early clock dials showed hours: the display of minutes and seconds evolved later. A clock with a minutes dial is mentioned in a 1475 manuscript,[117] and clocks indicating minutes and seconds existed in Germany in the 15th century.[118] Timepieces which indicated minutes and seconds were occasionally made from this time on, but this was not common until the increase in accuracy made possible by the pendulum clock and, in watches, by the spiral balance spring. The 16th-century astronomer Tycho Brahe used clocks with minutes and seconds to observe stellar positions.[117]


A watch drawn in Acta Eruditorum, 1737
The Ottoman engineer Taqi al-Din described a weight-driven clock with a verge-and-foliot escapement, a striking train of gears, an alarm, and a representation of the moon's phases in his book The Brightest Stars for the Construction of Mechanical Clocks (Al-Kawākib al-durriyya fī wadh' al-bankāmat al-dawriyya), written around 1556.[119]

Wristwatch
Main articles: Wristwatch and history of watches

One of the earliest references to a wristwatch – an 'arm watch' given to Queen Elizabeth I by her favourite Robert Dudley.
The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley in 1571, described as an arm watch. From the beginning, wrist watches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocket-watches up until the early 20th century. This was not just a matter of fashion or prejudice; watches of the time were notoriously prone to fouling from exposure to the elements, and could only reliably be kept safe from harm if carried securely in the pocket. When the waistcoat was introduced as a manly fashion at the court of Charles II in the 17th century, the pocket watch was tucked into its pocket. Prince Albert, the consort to Queen Victoria, introduced the 'Albert chain' accessory, designed to secure the pocket watch to the man's outergarment by way of a clip. By the mid nineteenth century, most watchmakers produced a range of wristwatches, often marketed as bracelets, for women.[120]

Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the nineteenth century, when the importance of synchronizing manoeuvres during war without potentially revealing the plan to the enemy through signalling was increasingly recognized. It was clear that using pocket watches while in the heat of battle or while mounted on a horse was impractical, so officers began to strap the watches to their wrist. The Garstin Company of London patented a 'Watch Wristlet' design in 1893, although they were probably producing similar designs from the 1880s. Clearly, a market for men's wristwatches was coming into being at the time. Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the Anglo-Burma War of 1885.[120]

During the Boer War, the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against the highly mobile Boer insurgents was paramount, and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class. The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful 'campaign watch' for soldiers during the campaign at the Sudan in 1898 and ramped up production for the Boer War a few years later.[120]


Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at Passchendaele – a tactic that required precise synchronisation between the artillery and infantry.
These early models were essentially standard pocket-watches fitted to a leather strap, but by the early 20th century, manufacturers began producing purpose-built wristwatches. The Swiss company, Dimier Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903. In 1904, Alberto Santos-Dumont, an early aviator, asked his friend, a French watchmaker called Louis Cartier, to design a watch that could be useful during his flights.[121] [122] Hans Wilsdorf moved to London in 1905 and set up his own business with his brother-in-law Alfred Davis, Wilsdorf & Davis, providing quality timepieces at affordable prices – the company later became Rolex.[123] Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch, and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches. His Rolex wristwatch of 1910 became the first such watch to receive certification as a chronometer in Switzerland and it went on to win an award in 1914 from Kew Observatory in Richmond, west London.[124]

The impact of the First World War dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man's wristwatch, and opened up a mass market in the post-war era. The creeping barrage artillery tactic, developed during the War, required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage. Service watches produced during the War were specially designed for the rigours of trench warfare, with luminous dials and unbreakable glass. Wristwatches were also found to be needed in the air as much as on the ground: military pilots found them more convenient than pocket watches for the same reasons as Santos-Dumont had. The British War Department began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917.[125]


A Cortébert wristwatch from the 1920s.
The company H. Williamson Ltd., based in Coventry, was one of the first to capitalize on this opportunity. During the company's 1916 AGM it was noted that "...the public is buying the practical things of life. Nobody can truthfully contend that the watch is a luxury. It is said that one soldier in every four wears a wristlet watch, and the other three mean to get one as soon as they can." By the end of the War, almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch, and after they were demobilized, the fashion soon caught on – the British Horological Journal wrote in 1917 that "...the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war, but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire." Within a decade, sales of wristwatches had outstripped those of pocket watches.[120]

Equation clock
Main article: Equation clock
In the late 17th and 18th Centuries, equation clocks were made, which allowed the user to see or calculate apparent solar time, as would be shown by a sundial. Before the invention of the pendulum clock, sundials were the only accurate timepieces. When good clocks became available, they appeared inaccurate to people who were used to trusting sundials. The annual variation of the equation of time made a clock up to about 15 minutes fast or slow, relative to a sundial, depending on the time of year. Equation clocks satisfied the demand for clocks that always agreed with sundials. Several types of equation clock mechanism were devised. which can be seen in surviving examples, mostly in museums.

Era of precision timekeeping

The Dutch polymath and horologist Christiaan Huygens, the originator of the era of precision timekeeping,[126][127] was "the most ingenious watchmaker of all time" (in Arnold Sommerfeld's own words).[128]
Pendulum clock
Main article: Pendulum clock
See also: Pendulum


The first pendulum clock, invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656. Until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most precise timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use.
Innovations to the mechanical clock continued, with miniaturization leading to domestic clocks in the 15th century, and personal watches in the 16th.[104] In the 1580s, the Italian polymath Galileo Galilei investigated the regular swing of the pendulum, and discovered that it could be used to regulate a clock.[43][129] Although Galileo studied the pendulum as early as 1582, he never actually constructed a clock based on that design.[43] The first pendulum clock was designed and built by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, in 1656.[43] Early versions erred by less than one minute per day, and later ones only by 10 seconds, very accurate for their time.[43]

In England, the manufacturing of pendulum clocks was soon taken up.[130] The longcase clock (also known as the grandfather clock) was first created to house the pendulum and works by the English clockmaker William Clement in 1670 or 1671; this became feasible after Clement invented the anchor escapement mechanism[131] in about 1670.[132] Before then, pendulum clocks used the older verge escapement mechanism, which required very wide pendulum swings of about 100°. To avoid the need for a very large case, most clocks using the verge escapement had a short pendulum. The anchor mechanism, however, reduced the pendulum's necessary swing to between 4° to 6°, allowing clockmakers to use longer pendulums with consequently slower beats. These required less power to move, caused less friction and wear, and were more accurate than their shorter predecessors. Most longcase clocks use a pendulum about a metre (39 inches) long to the center of the bob, with each swing taking one second. This requirement for height, along with the need for a long drop space for the weights that power the clock, gave rise to the tall, narrow case.[133]

Clement also introduced the pendulum suspension spring in 1671. The concentric minute hand was added to the clock by Daniel Quare, a London clock-maker, and the Second Hand was introduced.

The Jesuits were another major contributor to the development of pendulum clocks in the 17th and 18th centuries, having had an "unusually keen appreciation of the importance of precision".[134][135] In measuring an accurate one-second pendulum, for example, the Italian astronomer Father Giovanni Battista Riccioli persuaded nine fellow Jesuits "to count nearly 87,000 oscillations in a single day".[135] They served a crucial role in spreading and testing the scientific ideas of the period, and collaborated with contemporary scientists, such as Huygens.[134]

Spiral-hairspring watch
Main article: Balance spring
See also: Balance wheel and Mechanical watch

Drawing of one of his first balance springs, attached to a balance wheel, by Christiaan Huygens, published in his letter in the Journal des Sçavants of 25 February 1675. The application of the spiral balance spring (spiral hairspring) for watches ushered in a new era of accuracy for portable timekeepers, similar to that which the pendulum had introduced for clocks.

A mechanical watch movement. From its invention in 1675 by Huygens, the spiral hairspring (balance spring) system for portable timekeepers, is still used in mechanical watchmaking industry today. Like pendulum clocks, spiral-hairspring watches were early precision timekeeping devices.
The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century allowed portable clocks to be built, evolving into the first pocketwatches by the 17th century, but these were not very accurate until the balance spring was added to the balance wheel in the mid 17th century. Some dispute remains as to whether British scientist Robert Hooke (his was a straight spring) or Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens was the actual inventor of the balance spring. Huygens was clearly the first to use a spiral balance spring, the form used in virtually all watches to the present day. The addition of the balance spring made the balance wheel a harmonic oscillator like the pendulum in a pendulum clock, which oscillated at a fixed resonant frequency and resisted oscillating at other rates. This innovation increased watches' accuracy enormously, reducing error from perhaps several hours per day to perhaps 10 minutes per day,[43] resulting in the addition of the minute hand to the watch face around 1680 in Britain and 1700 in France[136].

Like the invention of pendulum clock, Huygens' spiral hairspring (balance spring) system of portable timekeepers, helped lay the foundations for the modern watchmaking industry. The application of the spiral balance spring for watches ushered in a new era of accuracy for portable timekeepers, similar to that which the pendulum had introduced for clocks. From its invention in 1675 by Christiaan Huygens, the spiral hairspring (balance spring) system for portable timekeepers, still used in mechanical watchmaking industry today.[137][138][139][140]

Pocket watch
Main article: Pocket watch
See also: Automatic watch (self-winding watch) and Diving watch
In 1675, Huygens and Robert Hooke invented the spiral balance, or the hairspring, designed to control the oscillating speed of the balance wheel. This crucial advance finally made accurate pocket watches possible.[129] This resulted in a great advance in accuracy of pocket watches, from perhaps several hours per day to 10 minutes per day, similar to the effect of the pendulum upon mechanical clocks.[15][141] The great English clockmaker, Thomas Tompion, was one of the first to use this mechanism successfully in his pocket watches, and he adopted the minute hand which, after a variety of designs were trialled, eventually stabilised into the modern-day configuration.[130]

The Rev. Edward Barlow invented the rack and snail striking mechanism for striking clocks, which was a great improvement over the previous mechanism. The repeating clock, that chimes the number of hours (or even minutes) was invented by either Quare or Barlow in 1676. George Graham invented the deadbeat escapement for clocks in 1720.

Marine chronometer
Main article: Marine chronometer

Drawings of Harrison's H4 chronometer of 1761, published in The principles of Mr Harrison's time-keeper, 1767.[142]
Marine chronometers are clocks used at sea as time standards, to determine longitude by celestial navigation.[143] A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time-keeping for navigation. The position of a ship at sea could be determined with reasonable accuracy if a navigator could refer to a clock that lost or gained less than about 10 seconds per day. The marine chronometer would have to keep the time of a fixed location—usually Greenwich Mean Time—allowing seafarers to determine longitude by comparing the local high noon to the clock.[143][144][145] This clock could not contain a pendulum, which would be virtually useless on a rocking ship.


A twin-barrel box chronometer.
After the Scilly naval disaster of 1707 where four ships ran aground due to navigational mistakes, the British government offered a large prize of £20,000, equivalent to millions of pounds today, for anyone who could determine longitude accurately. The reward was eventually claimed in 1761 by Yorkshire carpenter John Harrison, who dedicated his life to improving the accuracy of his clocks.

In 1735 Harrison built his first chronometer, which he steadily improved on over the next thirty years before submitting it for examination. The clock had many innovations, including the use of bearings to reduce friction, weighted balances to compensate for the ship's pitch and roll in the sea and the use of two different metals to reduce the problem of expansion from heat.

The chronometer was trialled in 1761 by Harrison's son and by the end of 10 weeks the clock was in error by less than 5 seconds.[146]

Electric clock
Main article: Electric clock
See also: Electric watch, Automatic clock, Radio clock, Digital clock, and Digital watch

One of Alexander Bain's early electromagnetic clocks, from the 1840s
In 1815, Sir Francis Ronalds (1788-1873) of London published the forerunner of the electric clock, the electrostatic clock.[147] It was powered with dry piles, a high voltage battery with extremely long life but the disadvantage of its electrical properties varying with the weather.[148] He trialled various means of regulating the electricity and these models proved to be reliable across a range of meteorological conditions.[149]

Alexander Bain, a Scottish clock and instrument maker, was the first to invent and patent the electric clock in 1840. On January 11, 1841, Alexander Bain along with John Barwise, a chronometer maker, took out another important patent describing a clock in which an electromagnetic pendulum and an electric current is employed to keep the clock going instead of springs or weights. Later patents expanded on his original ideas.

Quartz clock and watch
Main articles: Quartz clock and Quartz watch
See also: Quartz crisis (quartz revolution)

Internal construction of a modern high performance HC-49 package quartz crystal.
The piezoelectric properties of crystalline quartz were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880.[43][150] The first quartz crystal oscillator was built by Walter G. Cady in 1921, and in 1927 the first quartz clock was built by Warren Marrison and J. W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Canada.[151][152] The following decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time measurement devices in laboratory settings—the bulky and delicate counting electronics, built with vacuum tubes, limited their practical use elsewhere. In 1932, a quartz clock able to measure small weekly variations in the rotation rate of the Earth was developed.[152] The National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) based the time standard of the United States on quartz clocks from late 1929 until the 1960s, when it changed to atomic clocks.[153] In 1969, Seiko produced the world's first quartz wristwatch, the Astron.[154] Their inherent accuracy and low cost of production has resulted in the subsequent proliferation of quartz clocks and watches.[43]

Atomic clock
Main article: Atomic clock
Atomic clocks are the most accurate timekeeping devices in practical use today. Accurate to within a few seconds over many thousands of years, they are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments.[155]

The idea of using atomic transitions to measure time was first suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1879,[156] although it was only in the 1930s with the development of Magnetic resonance that there was a practical method for doing this.[157] A prototype ammonia maser device was built in 1949 at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now NIST). Although it was less accurate than existing quartz clocks, it served to demonstrate the concept.[158] [159][160]

The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK.[161] Calibration of the caesium standard atomic clock was carried out by the use of the astronomical time scale ephemeris time (ET).[162]

The International System of Units standardized its unit of time, the second, on the properties of cesium in 1967.[160] SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation which corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom.[163] The cesium atomic clock, maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, is accurate to 30 billionths of a second per year.[160] Atomic clocks have employed other elements, such as hydrogen and rubidium vapor, offering greater stability—in the case of hydrogen clocks—and smaller size, lower power consumption, and thus lower cost (in the case of rubidium clocks).[160]

Clock and watch-making industry
Main articles: Clockmaking and Watchmaking

A pocket watch
The first professional clockmakers came from the guilds of locksmiths and jewellers. Clockmaking developed from a specialized craft into a mass production industry over many years.[164]

Paris and Blois were the early centres of clockmaking in France. French clockmakers such as Julien Le Roy, clockmaker of Versailles, were leaders in case design and ornamental clocks.[164] Le Roy belonged to the fifth generation of a family of clockmakers, and was described by his contemporaries as "the most skillful clockmaker in France, possibly in Europe". He invented a special repeating mechanism which improved the precision of clocks and watches, a face that could be opened to view the inside clockwork, and made or supervised over 3,500 watches. The competition and scientific rivalry resulting from his discoveries further encouraged researchers to seek new methods of measuring time more accurately.[165]

Between 1794 and 1795, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the French government briefly mandated decimal clocks, with a day divided into 10 hours of 100 minutes each.[166] The astronomer and mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, among other individuals, modified the dial of his pocket watch to decimal time.[166] A clock in the Palais des Tuileries kept decimal time as late as 1801, but the cost of replacing all the nation's clocks prevented decimal clocks from becoming widespread.[167] Because decimalized clocks only helped astronomers rather than ordinary citizens, it was one of the most unpopular changes associated with the metric system, and it was abandoned.[167]

In Germany, Nuremberg and Augsburg were the early clockmaking centers, and the Black Forest came to specialize in wooden cuckoo clocks.[168]


An antique pocket watch movement, from an 1891 encyclopedia.
The English became the predominant clockmakers of the 17th and 18th centuries. The main centres of the British industry were in the City of London, the West End of London, Soho where many skilled French Huguenots settled and later in Clerkenwell. The Worshipful Company of Clockmakers was established in 1631 as one of the Livery Companies of the City of London.

Thomas Tompion was the first English clockmaker with an international reputation and many of his pupils went on to become great horologists in their own right, such as George Graham who invented the deadbeat escapement, orrery and mercury pendulum, and his pupil Thomas Mudge who created the first lever escapement. Famous clockmakers of this period included Joseph Windmills, Simon de Charmes who established the De Charmes clockmaker firm and Christopher Pinchbeck who invented the alloy pinchbeck.[169]

Later famous horologists included John Arnold who made the first practical and accurate modern watch by refining Harrison's chronometer, Thomas Earnshaw who was the first to make these available to the public, Daniel Quare, who invented a repeating watch movement, a portable barometer and introduced the concentric minute hand.

Quality control and standards were imposed on clockmakers by the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, a guild which licensed clockmakers for doing business. By the rise of consumerism in the late 18th century, clocks, especially pocket watches, became regarded as fashion accessories and were made in increasingly decorative styles. By 1796, the industry reached a high point with almost 200,000 clocks being produced annually in London, however by the mid-19th century the industry had gone into steep decline from Swiss competition.[170]

Switzerland established itself as a clockmaking center following the influx of Huguenot craftsmen, and in the 19th century, the Swiss industry "gained worldwide supremacy in high-quality machine-made watches". The leading firm of the day was Patek Philippe, founded by Antoni Patek of Warsaw and Adrien Philippe of Bern.[164]

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[Methais]

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[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/46860491_2237287716283921_1655759065688571904_n.jp g?_nc_cat=110&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=5c9d19f12dda18130a23c0996e81bc71&oe=5C64504C

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[Gelston]

https://scontent.fmem1-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/46916742_2274003172817585_1292170855513587712_n.jp g?_nc_cat=1&_nc_ht=scontent.fmem1-2.fna&oh=781f20bebaa6b704314a89ca50822705&oe=5C687558

See, I'm smart. I only want more Government if I am the Government.

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47078566_2274501209434448_3190410013659103232_n.jp g?_nc_cat=1&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=ec39f70ec12bd832ff057c57d12ddc7c&oe=5C731FDD

[Astray]

Satire (https://babylonbee.com/news/obama-blasts-trumps-use-of-tear-gas-on-foreigners-frankly-i-would-have-used-a-drone-strike?fbclid=IwAR3qfsLZnqdvhQqA8lR5eAAisO7xuB1AVa cejCQjk6jM0zIoEIS6DaBle2o) and dark humor.

[Tgo01]

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Didn't he also order a house to be stormed with agents armed with fully semi automatic weapons with 100 magazine clips and point guns at someone who was holding a small child?

[Gelston]

Didn't he also order a house to be stormed with agents armed with fully semi automatic weapons with 100 magazine clips and point guns at someone who was holding a small child?

Yeah, he sent Janet Reno to personally take out a young Marco Rubio.

[Tgo01]

Yeah, he sent Janet Reno to personally take out a young Marco Rubio.

I knew it!

[Taernath]

Didn't he also order a house to be stormed with agents armed with fully semi automatic weapons with 100 magazine clips and point guns at someone who was holding a small child?

It was an older man and he was in the cupboard.

https://i.imgflip.com/2ns07j.jpg

[Methais]

Didn't he also order a house to be stormed with agents armed with fully semi automatic weapons with 100 magazine clips and point guns at someone who was holding a small child?

ASSAULT MAGAZINES!!!!!!!!!11

[Methais]

Vladimir! Youuuu son of a bitch!
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[drauz]

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[Gelston]

https://www.facebook.com/behety/videos/10217511345886145/

[Taernath]

https://i.imgur.com/xrH6Kae.jpg

[Gelston]

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This is what happens when one party so owns an area that only their candidates have a snowball chance in hell of winning. I hope they never put her on the Armed Services Committee.

[Parkbandit]

I think we should put a moratorium of making fun of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez-Retard... at this point, she is literally the lowest hanging fruit.

[Gelston]

I think we should put a moratorium of making fun of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez-Retard... at this point, she is literally the lowest hanging fruit.

The lowest hanging fruit is sometimes the sweetest.

This is a member of Congress, ladies and Gents. Congress. Not student Government. Congress.

[Wrathbringer]

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This is what happens when one party so owns an area that only their candidates have a snowball chance in hell of winning. I hope they never put her on the Armed Services Committee.

What a stupid person. inb4 pk quotes this as fact and t4dung comes along to back him up.

[Methais]

What a stupid person. inb4 pk quotes this as fact and t4dung comes along to back him up.

After googling "Ocasio Cortez 21 trillion," I found the link that time4fun will be using to try and explain it as "not true but sort of true or something." (https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/12/3/18122947/pentagon-accounting-error-medicare-for-all) conveniently located at the top of the results.

[Gelston]

After googling "Ocasio Cortez 21 trillion," I found the link that time4fun will be using to try and explain it as "not true but sort of true or something." (https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/12/3/18122947/pentagon-accounting-error-medicare-for-all) conveniently located at the top of the results.

You know she just saw the figure someone else posted and then tossed that shit out there without researching it though. She basically took the first google search.

Is she t4f?

[Astray]

What's wrong with her faaaaace?

[Gelston]

What's wrong with her faaaaace?

She is a fully indoctrinated socialist retard.

[Methais]

You know she just saw the figure someone else posted and then tossed that shit out there without researching it though. She basically took the first google search.

Is she t4f?

There's only one way to find out.

Someone check and see who if anyone is sleeping on her couch.

[Methais]

What's wrong with her faaaaace?

Sometimes she looks like a super triggered chipmunk, other times she looks bukkake worthy.

I'm pretty surprised that there doesn't seem to be any Ocasio-Cortez porn yet like there was when Sarah Palin hit the mainstream.

[Astray]

She is a fully indoctrinated socialist retard.

Bro, I'm fucking losing my shit.

https://i.imgur.com/yz47aw8.jpg

[Taernath]

You know she just saw the figure someone else posted and then tossed that shit out there without researching it though. She basically took the first google search.

Is she t4f?

She did say she "participates in the political process" when someone asked her if she was in the pentagon.

[Methais]

She did say she "participates in the political process" when someone asked her if she was in the pentagon.

time4translation: "I have voted in elections before."

[Gelston]

She did say she "participates in the political process" when someone asked her if she was in the pentagon.

I was a district captain for a political campaign once. I too participated in the political process!

Also, internships for Congressmen in DC are easy as fuck to get.

[Taernath]

I was a district captain for a political campaign once. I too participated in the political process!

Also, internships for Congressmen in DC are easy as fuck to get.

Well that's at least a master's in political science right there.

[Gelston]

Well that's at least a master's in political science right there.

My Candidate withdrew before I had to do anything, had just gotten set up too. It was for Ben Carson, heh. :)

[Gelston]

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[Wrathbringer]

My Candidate withdrew before I had to do anything, had just gotten set up too. It was for Ben Carson, heh. :)

I think Carson was fine until he made the idiotic comment about his belief that the pyramids were Joseph's grain storage silos. He dropped off the map after that.

[Methais]

I think Carson was fine until he made the idiotic comment about his belief that the pyramids were Joseph's grain storage silos. He dropped off the map after that.

This didn't help either:

https://i.imgur.com/gotLeH8.gif

[Astray]

The ThotAudit going on is incredible.

[Methais]

The ThotAudit going on is incredible.

Are they really getting audited? I thought it was just people getting trolled.

[Parkbandit]

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[Astray]

I thought it was just people getting trolled.

Nope, it's very real.

[Methais]

Nope, it's very real.

Sounds like equality in its purest form.

[Gelston]

https://media.giphy.com/media/zsg9Adj13Dh2E/giphy.gif

It is never too soon.

[Tgo01]

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DthweoQXcAASoST.jpg:large

[Tgo01]

Yet more fake news.

Reuters ran a headline: "U.S. to end subsidies for electric cars, renewables: White House."

Everyone and their mother goes into a fit of rage. "This is a gift to gas exporting countries like Russia and Saudi Arabia!!! RABBLE RABBLE RABBLE!!!"

After everyone is thoroughly outraged at our fake president Reuters decides to issue a correction:

"U.S. WANTS to end subsidies for electric cars, renewables: White House."

Did they even ask the White House any questions before writing up this obviously false news report? Sure seem to be a lot of reporting "mistakes" in the age of Trump.

[Gelston]

Yet more fake news.

Reuters ran a headline: "U.S. to end subsidies for electric cars, renewables: White House."

Everyone and their mother goes into a fit of rage. "This is a gift to gas exporting countries like Russia and Saudi Arabia!!! RABBLE RABBLE RABBLE!!!"

After everyone is thoroughly outraged at our fake president Reuters decides to issue a correction:

"U.S. WANTS to end subsidies for electric cars, renewables: White House."

Did they even ask the White House any questions before writing up this obviously false news report? Sure seem to be a lot of reporting "mistakes" in the age of Trump.

They are looking to end subsidies for GM, because, you know, GM is closing plants.

[Methais]

They are looking to end subsidies for GM, because, you know, GM is closing plants.

Trump needs to go after GM for nerfing wizards too.

Fucking cunts.

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47466681_2277842135767022_1261731438739324928_n.jp g?_nc_cat=1&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=76647ac3e9dc7fa3acbf44a8c874ed60&oe=5C6B1259

[Gelston]

https://scontent.fmem1-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47683321_2278384069046162_4553576837489360896_n.jp g?_nc_cat=110&_nc_eui2=AeEpTdyuvrHkmDasJiExivNpK0X9ifoyD3IaBCpRR-Yd4Ylx1D1hV5B1CIHV8n702qMYW4ne9GU_2XssQOZVdr-QkEHhpSK1h4CJarPpKqJDiw&_nc_ht=scontent.fmem1-2.fna&oh=b6999fcb5d8b57a9fd653b3a3e7830bb&oe=5C9D0C46

[Taernath]

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BvMoC5MCYAEzNzG.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nb3evAKd_dE/VWfRvC05XJI/AAAAAAAAaPw/pUr9Klj5ez4/s1600/tumblr_lq0cea66Jv1qcc8ul.jpg

[Gelston]

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BvMoC5MCYAEzNzG.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nb3evAKd_dE/VWfRvC05XJI/AAAAAAAAaPw/pUr9Klj5ez4/s1600/tumblr_lq0cea66Jv1qcc8ul.jpg

that isn't bacon. reported

[Taernath]

that isn't bacon. reported

https://static.businessinsider.com/image/4e49467fecad04747a000009-750.jpg

What is it with Republican lawmakers' fascination with corn dogs?

[Astray]

Lower left corner, lmao

[Methais]

Jim Acosta was able to file a lawsuit and get his press credentials back over a violation of his "constitutional rights."

Should Alex Jones do the same and then sit right next to Acosta? (https://www.gopaction.com/alex-jones-wh-credentials-petition/?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=ODL&utm_campaign=Polls&fbclid=IwAR19sziXZt_3vEbB1QycZzVYEfTQLOl7LMkNcvDBY iWjo7k9s7IG03PtiPs)

I hope this happens because reasons :lol:

[Methais]

Avenatti Announces He Will Not Run for President (https://www.nationalreview.com/news/michael-avenatti-announces-he-will-not-run-for-president/)

I would like to take this opportunity to announce that I too will not be running for President.

[Parkbandit]

Avenatti Announces He Will Not Run for President (https://www.nationalreview.com/news/michael-avenatti-announces-he-will-not-run-for-president/)

I would like to take this opportunity to announce that I too will not be running for President.

Fuck.... that would have made a fantastic debate...

https://media1.tenor.com/images/d469bf2a2147c0ed8195ef5f4c3fec3e/tenor.gif?itemid=4276606

[Gelston]

Avenatti Announces He Will Not Run for President (https://www.nationalreview.com/news/michael-avenatti-announces-he-will-not-run-for-president/)

I would like to take this opportunity to announce that I too will not be running for President.

Democrats usually don't get disbarred until AFTER they've been President, so he'd be a real trendsetter.

[Gelston]

https://scontent.fmem1-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47370128_2278723369012232_3710721670659440640_n.jp g?_nc_cat=1&_nc_eui2=AeEAqvWBBifNJcT9QYIv04RLYk2l6gDvf6iUspi_B mVd8eI9CwXCRPfmvmZtQbojSFFnbEBBmWtwL51ZQQBNFloCzkV xRHh20C6T7WE6KmShvg&_nc_ht=scontent.fmem1-2.fna&oh=5e31170f87e5a2cef385d024a4ba8d6c&oe=5C9B00CC

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47489917_2279014908983078_5292609386210918400_n.jp g?_nc_cat=102&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=7782d39079212403b05dcaeaa2860300&oe=5C9E6EB4

[Androidpk]

Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein is not known for snappy one-liners, especially where President Trump is concerned.

But he drew laughs Wednesday in Kansas City at the opening of a three-day Department of Justice conference on crime prevention. Referring to Trump’s scheduled appearance on Friday, Rosenstein said: “You let the president know that his favorite deputy attorney general was here.”

https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/the-buzz/article222654380.html

[drauz]

https://twitter.com/CBSNews/status/1070442669078441984


Lena Dunham apologizes for defending "Girls" writer accused of sexual assault, and says her claim about "insider information" proving his innocence wasn't true

[Androidpk]

There's finally a strong case of election fraud going on and Republicans aren't saying a damn thing about it, after fear mongering over it for years now.. because the fraud was perpetrated by Republicans.. :lol:

[Wrathbringer]

There's finally a strong case of election fraud going on and Republicans aren't saying a damn thing about it, after fear mongering over it for years now.. because the fraud was perpetrated by Republicans.. :lol:

You're retarded.

[Methais]

https://twitter.com/CBSNews/status/1070442669078441984

She then went on to blame all of it on the patriarchy.

I'm not joking either.

In other news, Hillary is still salty.

https://twitter.com/RealSaavedra/status/1070391683789971457

[Parkbandit]

There's finally a strong case of election fraud going on and Republicans aren't saying a damn thing about it, after fear mongering over it for years now.. because the fraud was perpetrated by Republicans.. :lol:

Where’s the strong case?

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47576873_2280572575493978_4300088125377478656_n.jp g?_nc_cat=109&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=f504493bc3c98ca0fedabcf6b29a8f83&oe=5C955680

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/47578965_10156562188282535_8880899612483780608_n.j pg?_nc_cat=101&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=840c209e5c9b5afa136fd468893e57f6&oe=5CB13C96

She really should have her own thread.

[Androidpk]

https://i.imgur.com/W2Co8TR.jpg

:lol2:

[Tgo01]

Watching far left loons lose their mind over Kevin Hart's tweets from almost a decade ago because they contain "homophobic" remarks, which ended the prospect of him hosting the Oscars. I wonder if this means gays are moving up the oppression scale and are now above blacks?

Bonus laugh: MSNBC of all places is giving Kevin Hart shit for his homophobic remarks yet still employ noted racist and homophobe Joy Reid.

[Tgo01]

The FBI says the Proud Boys are not an extremist group after all (https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/12/08/fbi-says-proud-boys-are-not-an-extremist-group-after-all/?utm_term=.3a8df7a60675)

And the fake news keeps on going.

[Tgo01]

Watching far left loons lose their mind over Kevin Hart's tweets from almost a decade ago because they contain "homophobic" remarks, which ended the prospect of him hosting the Oscars. I wonder if this means gays are moving up the oppression scale and are now above blacks?

Bonus laugh: MSNBC of all places is giving Kevin Hart shit for his homophobic remarks yet still employ noted racist and homophobe Joy Reid.

Bonus bonus laugh: Black celebrities who said Roseanne needed to be fired for her joke are now defending Kevin Hart and telling people not to be offended by words.

Bonus bonus bonus laugh: Watch the far left brigade now call me a racist.

[sellstuff1]

https://i.imgur.com/D9KHUz8.jpg

[Gelston]

https://i.imgur.com/D9KHUz8.jpg

I want to know more about this though.


How many sand niggers did you kill?


Oh I'm so mad right now I might just kill a nigger.

[sellstuff1]

On approximately June 16, 2015, Individual-1, for whom Cohen worked at the time, began an ultimately successful campaign for President of the United States. Cohen had no formal title with the campaign, but had a campaign email address, and, at various times advised the campaign, including on matters of interest to the press. Cohen also made media appearances as a surrogate and supporter of Individual-1. During the campaign, Cohen played a central role in two similar schemes to purchase the rights to stories – each from women who claimed to have had an affair with Individual-1 – so as to suppress the stories and thereby prevent them from influencing the election. With respect to both payments, Cohen acted with the intent to influence the 2016 presidential election. Cohen coordinated his actions with one or more members of the campaign, including through meetings and phone calls, about the fact, nature, and timing of the payments.

[sellstuff1]

I want to know more about this though.

Your president committed a felony and you're concerned that a black person typed nigger on the internet? Are you retarded?

[Gelston]

Your president committed a felony and you're concerned that a black person typed nigger on the internet? Are you retarded?

He is our President pal. Also, tell me about this.


How many sand niggers did you kill?


Oh I'm so mad right now I might just kill a nigger.

[Parkbandit]

Your president committed a felony and you're concerned that a black person typed nigger on the internet? Are you retarded?

Which black person did?

Are you saying you are black now?

Or did you copy/paste the word "nigger" from a black person's post somewhere?

[RichardCranium]

Which black person did?

Are you saying you are black now?

Or did you copy/paste the word "nigger" from a black person's post somewhere?

He's been claiming to be black for a week or two now.

[Astray]

He's been claiming to be black for a week or two now.

Sounds like they want people to forget what a racist piece of shit they are.

[Parkbandit]

Sounds like they want people to forget what a racist piece of shit they are.

https://media.giphy.com/media/RS26SZVbcRjy0/giphy.gif

[Back]

https://pics.me.me/ts-trump-still-president-asked-piglet-yes-replied-pooh-fuck-20306611.png

[Parkbandit]

https://pics.me.me/ts-trump-still-president-asked-piglet-yes-replied-pooh-fuck-20306611.png

You are really stepping up your game lately Backlash... time4fun's grip on the belt seems to be slipping.

This is YOUR championship belt... step up and take it!

[Methais]

Your president committed a felony and you're concerned that a black person typed nigger on the internet? Are you retarded?

I'm more black than you are. Retard.

[Parkbandit]

I'm more black than you are. Retard.

I thought you were Asian?

Sounds like you might have come down with some ElizabethWarrenitis....

[Gelston]

I thought you were Asian?

Sounds like you might have come down with some ElizabethWarrenitis....

He is caucASIAN

[RichardCranium]

He's blackanese.

[Astray]

http://i.imgur.com/wblHr8c.jpg

[Gelston]

Being Vegan Makes You Mentally Disabled, Warns Top Danish Doctor

“Such a diet may involve developing different brain symptoms."

The chief physician at a leading hospital in Denmark has warned that being vegan can cause mental disabilities and other disorders.

Dr. Allan Lund of Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen highlighted the risks of a vegan lifestyle for young people in an ​appearance last week on Danish TV.

“Such a diet may involve developing different brain symptoms, with muscle weakness, poor contact, and epilepsy,” he told TV4. "And in the long term mental retardation."

According to Lund, his hospital has recently treated a number of vegan kids with such problems.

The news program aired amid a national debate in Denmark over the growing phenomenon of parents putting their children on a plant-based diet.

Lunds' medical opinion will likely come as no surprise to some Americans. Last week, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, an animal rights group that advocates veganism, tweeted out a chart of common sayings that it deemed "anti-animal" and so forbidden.

Amid widespread mockery of the PETA's intellect, it followed-up by explicitly comparing animal rights to those of African-Americans and gays, effectively one-upping its attempt days earlier to co-opt feminism.

The United States also has its fair share of progressive ​parenting ​trends ― from ​empowering children to pick their ​gender to ​teaching them social media values ― that may or may not be good for American youth.

https://www.pluralist.com/posts/2132-being-vegan-makes-you-mentally-disabled-warns-top-danish-doctor?fbclid=IwAR0fxn27P9pDV_F8w-ZratAvDQ34DUZtTxLYq_LMW3-jZUm4pw25hWFbAko

See, vegans are retarded.

[Tgo01]

Slate, the print version of CNN, is facing a strike from their employees in part because the workers want more diversity hires at the company. Notably I didn't see one straight white male offer to quit his job so a minority could take his place.

[Methais]

Slate, the print version of CNN, is facing a strike from their employees in part because the workers want more diversity hires at the company. Notably I didn't see one straight white male offer to quit his job so a minority could take his place.

It must be a tough life for these people, having to constantly find new things to be triggered over.

[Methais]

I thought you were Asian?

Sounds like you might have come down with some ElizabethWarrenitis....

Caucasians are Asians too. Please stop oppressing me with your anti-Asian rhetoric, it is offensive and I would hate to have to get my lawyer involved and start issuing subpoenas.

Now if you will excuse me, I think I hear a female masturbating nearby. I must go.

https://i.makeagif.com/media/9-06-2015/OzSCNo.gif

[Astray]

Oh dear sweet mother of all that is holy. (https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/france-to-probe-possible-russian-influence-on-yellow-vest-riots/ar-BBQI7BU?fbclid=IwAR2wEW2IFEbN7JD5olHhIfIL3wcQXx9Bm wSCR1SM6Cch9POMuVAcqoqPam4)

[Gelston]

RUSSIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Make sure to check under your bed before bed, Putin might be lurking under there.

[Astray]

If you don't eat your peas the Kremlin will fuck up your class election!

[sellstuff1]

https://i.imgur.com/3Lb49Jm.png

[sellstuff1]

https://i.imgur.com/KVwk4xv.png

[Ashliana]

"We've learned that federal prosecutors here in New York City -- not Bob Mueller and his team in Washington DC -- career prosecutors in New York City -- have evidence that the President of the United States committed a felony, by ordering and paying Michael Cohen to break the law. How do we know that? They told that to a federal judge. Under the rules, they can't tell that to a federal judge unless they actually have that hardcore evidence. Under the rules, they can't tell that to a federal judge unless they intend to DO something with that evidence."

-Fox's top legal analyst today (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55sqoOfBmZA&t=3m38s).

:rofl:

[Androidpk]

Unlike the Titanic, Trump isn't going down, he's going to soar higher than ever, like the Hindenburg.

[Candor]

"We've learned that federal prosecutors here in New York City -- not Bob Mueller and his team in Washington DC -- career prosecutors in New York City -- have evidence that the President of the United States committed a felony, by ordering and paying Michael Cohen to break the law. How do we know that? They told that to a federal judge. Under the rules, they can't tell that to a federal judge unless they actually have that hardcore evidence. Under the rules, they can't tell that to a federal judge unless they intend to DO something with that evidence."

-Fox's top legal analyst today (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55sqoOfBmZA&t=3m38s).

:rofl:

I thought you snowflake types didn't trust FoxNews.

[Parkbandit]

I thought you snowflake types didn't trust FoxNews.

Only when they agree with it.. then they will be all like "See! Even Fox News says so!"

Otherwise it's "Oh, FAUX NEWS!"

[Androidpk]

I thought you snowflake types didn't trust FoxNews.

Oh they're still garbage it's just hilarious watching Fox turn on Trump and point out the ugly truth to make the MAGA bots start squirming.

[Tgo01]

Still waiting for someone to point out which evidence is being discussed other than Cohen's lying testimony he would be providing while in an orange jumpsuit?

[Androidpk]

Corroborating testimony from other people, documents, e-mails, taped conversations, bank statements.

[Tgo01]

Corroborating testimony from other people, documents, e-mails, taped conversations, bank statements.

This just you guessing or you have a link to share?

[Candor]

Corroborating testimony from other people, documents, e-mails, taped conversations, bank statements.

Maybe, but so far I don't know of anyone formally announcing such evidence against the President. I'll just wait and see (like I did when Clinton was projected to win the election...).

[Tgo01]

Maybe, but so far I don't know of anyone formally announcing such evidence against the President.

I think Androidpk and Ashliana are confused about this, just because Cohen, who is now a convicted criminal in jail for lying, said the payments were to help win the election doesn't make it so.

Trump could say the payments were to spare embarrassing him and his family. He didn't even have to fuck them in order to pay them hush money. If someone claims I had sex with them and they are going to tell every news outlet in the nation I have every right to pay her some money to keep her quiet so it doesn't hurt me or my family.

This has been doing on for decades now, but suddenly when Trump does it it's a crime because the far left is desperate for Trump to be charged with a crime. ANY crime. Please Mr. Mueller person? Please find ANY crime to charge Trump with!

Oh and be sure to throw your star witness in jail for lying after you find the crime.

[Androidpk]

This just you guessing or you have a link to share?

This your ignorance talking or you just trolling as usual?

[Tgo01]

This your ignorance talking or you just trolling as usual?

So it's just you guessing. Figured.

[Androidpk]

Maybe, but so far I don't know of anyone formally announcing such evidence against the President. I'll just wait and see (like I did when Clinton was projected to win the election...).

They have the evidence to convict Cohen and implicate the sitting President of the US. Unless you think SDNY is just bluffing or lying about everything.

[Androidpk]

So it's just you guessing. Figured.

So it's just you trolling. Figured.

[Tgo01]

They have the evidence to convict Cohen

The dude pleaded guilty. My god you're so retarded it actually hurts me to read your retardedness.

[sellstuff1]

https://i.imgur.com/zpAWuyl.png

[Androidpk]

The dude pleaded guilty. My god you're so retarded it actually hurts me to read your retardedness.

He plead guilty because they have overwhelming evidence against him. Thanks for playing, Tgo.

[Tgo01]

It's amusing watching Androidpk prove he has absolutely no idea how any of this works.

I think far left morons such as Androidpk missed a very important detail in all of this; the reason prosecutors recommended nearly the full prison sentence for Cohen was because they said he WAS NOT very cooperative with their investigations, so him pleading guilty with no deal on the table was about the dumbest move he could have made.

Next Androidpk will be spinning how prosecutors saying Cohen wasn't very forthcoming with information in their investigations somehow actually proves Trump is guilty of a crime.

Thanks for keeping the politics folder full of laughter in time4fun and cwolff's absence.

[Candor]

They have the evidence to convict Cohen


and implicate the sitting President of the US.

All I'll say is that one of us is having a problem with basic logic.

[Androidpk]

It's amusing watching Androidpk prove he has absolutely no idea how any of this works.

I think far left morons such as Androidpk missed a very important detail in all of this; the reason prosecutors recommended nearly the full prison sentence for Cohen was because they said he WAS NOT very cooperative with their investigations, so him pleading guilty with no deal on the table was about the dumbest move he could have made.

Next Androidpk will be spinning how prosecutors saying Cohen wasn't very forthcoming with information in their investigations somehow actually proves Trump is guilty of a crime.

Thanks for keeping the politics folder full of laughter in time4fun and cwolff's absence.

Oh I understand plenty. You're the one that can't keep up with reality. I can only imagine how big your nervous breakdown is going to be when Trump is indicted.

[Androidpk]

All I'll say is that one of us is having a problem with basic logic.

Seems to be you. Do you know how much red tape DoJ needed to get through in order to get permission to raid the house and office of the President's personal lawyer and indict him? Evidence is not something they lack.

[Tgo01]

And the embarrassment keeps going. Now Androidpk thinks it's difficult for law enforcement to obtain a search warrant. All it takes is convincing a judge that they have probable cause to believe a crime has been committed. Probable cause is about the lowest legal standard of proof there is. It's usually literally just the law enforcement officers giving an oral account to a judge as to what their investigation is covering.

[Androidpk]

Cohen was still Trump's lawyer at the time of the raid. If you think getting a warrant for the personal lawyer of the President of the United States is very easy and simple to do then you're stupider than I thought.

[Tgo01]

Cohen was still Trump's lawyer at the time of the raid. If you think getting a warrant for the personal lawyer of the President of the United States is very easy and simple to do then you're stupider than I thought.

Getting a warrant for the president's lawyer isn't anymore difficult than getting a warrant for any other lawyer. It is true that there is more "red tape" involved with getting a search warrant for a lawyer, but almost all of that has to do with protecting attorney-client privileges, which mostly amounts to having an independent team go through documents to determine what is attorney-client privilege and what isn't. None of which has to do with convincing a judge to give them a search warrant.

I know it probably sounds good in your echo chamber of friends to say this dumb shit, but people outside of your echo chamber aren't always inflicted with Trump Derangement Syndrome.

[Androidpk]

Getting a warrant for the president's lawyer isn't anymore difficult than getting a warrant for any other lawyer. It is true that there is more "red tape" involved with getting a search warrant for a lawyer, but almost all of that has to do with protecting attorney-client privileges, which mostly amounts to having an independent team go through documents to determine what is attorney-client privilege and what isn't. None of which has to do with convincing a judge to give them a search warrant.

I know it probably sounds good in your echo chamber of friends to say this dumb shit, but people outside of your echo chamber aren't always inflicted with Trump Derangement Syndrome.

Except it is. They had to go through DoJ and FBI leadership in order to get permission to do that raid. Maybe you should try and keep up with the news instead of regurgitating your usual useless trollish BS here.

[Tgo01]

Except it is. They had to go through DoJ and FBI leadership in order to get permission to do that raid. Maybe you should try and keep up with the news instead of regurgitating your usual useless trollish BS here.

Which they have to do with every lawyer they want to get a search warrant for, and again that's to ensure attorney-client privileges are kept intact, and not because "ZOMG! But it's the president's lawyer! We need super duper evidence now!"

I'm not sure how much more embarrassment on your part I can take.

[Androidpk]

Which they have to do with every lawyer they want to get a search warrant for, and again that's to ensure attorney-client privileges are kept intact, and not because "ZOMG! But it's the president's lawyer! We need super duper evidence now!"

I'm not sure how much more embarrassment on your part I can take.

Yes, it was because he was the POTUS' lawyer. That was already confirmed by former FBI officials and US Attorney Generals.

[Tgo01]

Yes, it was because he was the POTUS' lawyer. That was already confirmed by former FBI officials and US Attorney Generals.


I'm not sure how much more embarrassment on your part I can take.

Well you found my limit, Androidpk. Good job.

[drauz]

https://i.imgur.com/pZr0EWw.jpg

[Gelston]

https://i.imgur.com/pZr0EWw.jpg

Do you think we could get that sponsorship money to pay for medicare?

[Methais]

Oh I understand plenty. You're the one that can't keep up with reality. I can only imagine how big your nervous breakdown is going to be when Trump is indicted.

Ahh, it seems like it was just yesterday that you were telling time4fun the same about Hillary.

[Methais]

https://i.imgur.com/pZr0EWw.jpg

I don’t see any banners that say you’re not Drauz in game.

Confirmed that Drauz is Drauz in game.

[Parkbandit]

Ahh, it seems like it was just yesterday that you were telling time4fun the same about Hillary.

You have no proof!!

https://media.giphy.com/media/6qoZdlNvxB64E/giphy.gif

[drauz]

I don’t see any banners that say you’re not Drauz in game.

Confirmed that Drauz is Drauz in game.

Of course Drauz is Drauz in game but hes not drauz.

[Back]

https://i.imgur.com/pZr0EWw.jpg

https://media.giphy.com/media/pj2WH3f9DQ7x3Uly1k/source.gif

[Neveragain]

https://i.imgur.com/pZr0EWw.jpg

It's self inflicted. People will wake up today, purchase their products, sign up for their insurance and abide by their laws simply because they fear losing their stuff.

http://www.ronpaulinstitute.org/media/119979/militarized-police-rockwell.jpg?width=374px&height=231px

[Androidpk]

Chris Christie turned down Trump's offer to be Chief of Staff. No one in their right mind wants the job of rearranging the chairs on the deck of the Titanic.

[Wrathbringer]

Chris Christie turned down Trump's offer to be Chief of Staff. No one in their right mind wants the job of rearranging the chairs on the deck of the Titanic.

You seriously have nothing better to do than spam pc all day and night every day and night, huh? Sorry about your life.

[Wrathbringer]

Why do you insist that any of this really means a damn? He paid off a couple of lying whores? so what? He spoke to Russians to see if they can hack his political rival? I don’t care. He lies constantly? duh, he’s playing politics. None of this shit holds a candle to some of the shit that went down in past administrations.

Fifteen years ago, Bush and Cheney lied to the public and got us into a trillion dollar war that has killed hundreds of thousands of people. Twenty years ago, Clinton lied under oath to federal investigators. Thirty years ago, Reagan knowingly used American hostages as a bargaining chip for political gain. 50 years ago, American soldiers burned women and children alive with napalm in a senseless, unwinnable war to prevent the spread of communism. And 75 years ago, Roosevelt stole Japanese-Americans’ property and put them in prison camps.

I can go back further but trust me it gets way worse. So again I ask, so what?

pk is just butthurt over trump winning the election. It's really nothing more than that.

[Androidpk]

Why do you insist that any of this really means a damn? He paid off a couple of lying whores? so what? He spoke to Russians to see if they can hack his political rival? I don’t care. He lies constantly? duh, he’s playing politics. None of this shit holds a candle to some of the shit that went down in past administrations.

Fifteen years ago, Bush and Cheney lied to the public and got us into a trillion dollar war that has killed hundreds of thousands of people. Twenty years ago, Clinton lied under oath to federal investigators. Thirty years ago, Reagan knowingly used American hostages as a bargaining chip for political gain. 50 years ago, American soldiers burned women and children alive with napalm in a senseless, unwinnable war to prevent the spread of communism. And 75 years ago, Roosevelt stole Japanese-Americans’ property and put them in prison camps.

I can go back further but trust me it gets way worse. So again I ask, so what?

I don't care that you don't care.

[Wrathbringer]

I'm retarded.

Yep.

[Gelston]

I don't care that you don't care.

Troll

[Tgo01]

If Androidpk were a decent person I would feel bad for him now. So desperately clinging to the good old days when he could post dumbass shit and have 3-4 other people suffering from Trump Derangement Syndrome suck his dick almost immediately upon posting his nonsense.

Now it looks like even the PC has finally come down with Trump-bitching-overload. That seems to be the general sense everywhere I go these days. I think Androidpk really thinks he's helping to bring down the Trump administration by posting here.

[Wrathbringer]

If Androidpk were a decent person I would feel bad for him now. So desperately clinging to the good old days when he could post dumbass shit and have 3-4 other people suffering from Trump Derangement Syndrome suck his dick almost immediately upon posting his nonsense.

Now it looks like even the PC has finally come down with Trump-bitching-overload. That seems to be the general sense everywhere I go these days. I think Androidpk really thinks he's helping to bring down the Trump administration by posting here.

:lol:

[Androidpk]

If Androidpk were a decent person I would feel bad for him now. So desperately clinging to the good old days when he could post dumbass shit and have 3-4 other people suffering from Trump Derangement Syndrome suck his dick almost immediately upon posting his nonsense.

Now it looks like even the PC has finally come down with Trump-bitching-overload. That seems to be the general sense everywhere I go these days. I think Androidpk really thinks he's helping to bring down the Trump administration by posting here.

Tgo thinks he's a decent person :lol2:

[Tgo01]

Tgo thinks he's a decent person :lol2:

NOU!

[Androidpk]

Interior Secretary Zinke is finally stepping down, after 15+ ethics investigations. Sources close to Zinke say he is leaving so he can spend more quality time with his lawyers.

[Wrathbringer]

Interior Secretary Zinke is finally stepping down, after 15+ ethics investigations. Sources close to Zinke say he is leaving so he can spend more quality time with his lawyers.

No one cares.

[Methais]

I don't care that you don't care.


https://youtu.be/pr_kkWVnHoo

[Methais]

If Androidpk were a decent person I would feel bad for him now. So desperately clinging to the good old days when he could post dumbass shit and have 3-4 other people suffering from Trump Derangement Syndrome suck his dick almost immediately upon posting his nonsense.

Now it looks like even the PC has finally come down with Trump-bitching-overload. That seems to be the general sense everywhere I go these days. I think Androidpk really thinks he's helping to bring down the Trump administration by posting here.

https://i.imgur.com/wCTCCdK.jpg

Also, black mamba is racist. At best, cultural appropriation.

Why does pk hate black people and want to steal their identity?

[Androidpk]

Fox & Friends host comparing Trump to infamous mob boss (who died in prison) John Gotti :lol:

[Methais]

I've never denied crashing on time4fun's couch and getting pegged mercilessly for rent.

We're all aware.

[Back]

9218

[Wrathbringer]

9218

here we go guys! Drunk Tuesdays with Back is back!

[Astray]

9218

Learn to use imgur and tags, please.

[Gelston]

here we go guys! Drunk Tuesdays with Back is back!

It is Monday though.

[Parkbandit]

Drunk Tuesday is only 8 hours away!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

https://media1.tenor.com/images/2b6d0826f02a9ba7c9d4384a740013e9/tenor.gif?itemid=5531028

[Methais]

https://i.imgur.com/9uDpCpV.png

[Astray]

https://i.imgur.com/9uDpCpV.png

LOL

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/48363629_2414079211939037_289879553399062528_n.jpg ?_nc_cat=108&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=96ff01d2831b1f4ad40d77db8c25f66c&oe=5CA05D9F

[~Rocktar~]

https://i.imgur.com/9uDpCpV.png

Got to love the level of pure, unfettered, unabashed racism the Leftists display.

[Methais]

Got to love the level of pure, unfettered, unabashed racism the Leftists display.

https://pics.me.me/how-white-people-see-themselves-when-they-post-anti-white-28983088.png

[Parkbandit]

People, please stop posting. Today is Drunk Tuesday and we eagerly await Backlash’s fantastic posts!

[Methais]

People, please stop posting. Today is Drunk Tuesday and we eagerly await Backlash’s fantastic posts!

This is to help him warm up.

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/48390860_2289713237913245_7593484642976530432_n.jp g?_nc_cat=100&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=8bb0be3568beb21ec7e311f2377f9dd5&oe=5CA10E0F

[Methais]

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez announces 'self-care' break before congressional session even starts (https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-pol-alexandria-cortez-self-care-break-20181217-story.html?fbclid=IwAR2QkW6zp4bNZt78heoVMEcGE4Vbui wk8fpN0iorVdmYZAn54_iAoZKoB8A)

https://www.nydailynews.com/resizer/OxtpDA91aUPRFtErgK5npMVgrVg=/800x0/www.trbimg.com/img-5c17fe65/turbine/ny-1545076318-o9a1f9kzcx-snap-image
Rep.-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez walks up to draw her number during the Member-elect room lottery draw on Capitol Hill in Washington on Nov. 30. (Susan Walsh / AP)

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez needs a break.

The Bronx-bred democratic socialist heading into her freshman term in the House of Representatives announced Monday she’s taking some time off to take care of herself before she officially starts her new job — and she’s taking her supporters along for the ride.

“I’m taking a few days to take care of myself before what is sure to be an eventful term,” the incoming New York congresswoman tweeted.

“For working people, immigrants, & the poor, self-care is political — not because we want it to be, but bc of the inevitable shaming of someone doing a face mask while financially stressed. So I’ve decided to take others along with me on IG as I learn what self-care even means and why it’s important.”

https://i.imgur.com/xwgIC12.png

The 29-year-old progressive champion encouraged her followers to share their self-care regimens and followed up the post with a string of Instagram messages about how she had to give up her Zen lifestyle when she launched her congressional bid.

“Before the campaign, I used to practice yoga 3-4x/week, eat nutritiously, read and write for leisure,” Ocasio-Cortez wrote. “As soon as everything kicked up, that all went out the window. I went from doing yoga and making wild rice and salmon dinners to eating fast food for dinner and falling asleep in my jeans and makeup.”

Ocasio-Cortez — who unseated longtime Queens Rep. Joe Crowley in a stunning primary upset that made national headlines — vowed to not pretend to be something she’s not as she officially starts representing New York’s 14th congressional district on Jan. 3.

“I believe public servants do a disservice to our communities by pretending to be perfect,” she wrote. “A lot of campaigns are based on telling a ‘superhuman’ story and I respectfully disagree with that tactic...You don’t have to be perfect, but you do have to be 100% committed.”

https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-pol-alexandria-cortez-self-care-break-20181217-story.html?fbclid=IwAR2QkW6zp4bNZt78heoVMEcGE4Vbui wk8fpN0iorVdmYZAn54_iAoZKoB8A

https://media1.tenor.com/images/b0d4b8037c63eaea49affb37f08c50b3/tenor.gif?itemid=8051323

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/48378344_2289880144563221_3661864905838952448_n.pn g?_nc_cat=104&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=24fe8c1695b732ea5d51803ddf48a908&oe=5CD748EA

[Androidpk]

https://i.imgur.com/YTrpTJo.png

[RichardCranium]

She was probably vaccinated and therefore the autism gives her these powers.

[Androidpk]

She was probably vaccinated and therefore the autism gives her these powers.

It's the lead paint chips for breakfast that give her those powers.

[RichardCranium]

It's the lead paint chips for breakfast that give her those powers.

She has to eat them for breakfast because she isn't allowed in restaurants anymore.

[Androidpk]

She has to eat them for breakfast because she isn't allowed in restaurants anymore.

:lol:

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/48408082_213762562874398_8209872811422908416_n.jpg ?_nc_cat=106&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=e965ab980039f2a89118a57f573e0d1c&oe=5C9A7735

[Androidpk]

Tucker Carlson and his guest freaking out about some liberals saying gingerbread people instead of gingerbread man cookies.

"They're clearly men!"

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/49028232_2290555784495657_1376910195191447552_n.jp g?_nc_cat=101&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=ac5e140159618d52a931a2dceb4e5217&oe=5C9B46D5

[Gelston]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/49028232_2290555784495657_1376910195191447552_n.jp g?_nc_cat=101&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=ac5e140159618d52a931a2dceb4e5217&oe=5C9B46D5

but for real, it was 90% chinese building it

and just for extra lols, it was mostly white abolitionists running the Underground Railroad.

[Back]

but for real, it was 90% chinese building it

and just for extra lols, it was mostly white abolitionists running the Underground Railroad.

http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/02/21/slave-railroads.htm

North America's four major rail networks — Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National — all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor.

#lockhimup

[RichardCranium]

“Of course, of course slavery is the worst thing that ever happened. Of course, but maybe. Maybe every incredible human achievement in history was done with slaves.”

[Gelston]

http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/02/21/slave-railroads.htm

North America's four major rail networks — Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National — all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor.

#lockhimup

Okay? 90% of the nation's, as a whole, was built by Chinese labor. I'm not saying some slaves didn't lay some track, but the vast, vast, vast, by far majority was Chinese laborers. Especially as most track was laid after the Civil War ended.

Congrats on being retarded and posting the first google result you found though.

[Methais]

http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/02/21/slave-railroads.htm

North America's four major rail networks — Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National — all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor.

#lockhimup

lol @ your mall girl hashtag

How big are your tits now? And why did you stop resisting white supremacy?

[Astray]

http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/02/21/slave-railroads.htm

North America's four major rail networks — Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National — all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor.

#lockhimup

So is the plight of the Chinese that suffered in the same conditions less important? Please, elaborate.

[Gelston]

So is the plight of the Chinese that suffered in the same conditions less important? Please, elaborate.

Those dudes were basically slaves in all but name. In Portland they made them live underground.

[Methais]

So is the plight of the Chinese that suffered in the same conditions less important? Please, elaborate.

Back's just going to skip right over your post.

[Astray]

Back's just going to skip right over your post.

Because Back doesn't care about Chinese people.

[Gelston]

Because Back doesn't care about Chinese people.

Back doesn't care about any people. He pretends to when he thinks he can make some kind of point.

[Back]

So is the plight of the Chinese that suffered in the same conditions less important? Please, elaborate.

When Methais posts some manufactured outrage with a Chinese person being condescended to with inaccurate information about their own history by an idiot on the internet we can certainly talk about that. All I did was point out how wrong the person trying to downplay slavery was in Methais' post that tries to downplay slavery.

Lock him up! Lock him up!

[RichardCranium]

Methais is Asian.

Reported.

[Parkbandit]

http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/02/21/slave-railroads.htm

North America's four major rail networks — Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National — all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor.

#lockhimup

It's like you want to make a point.. but just can't quite get there.

Maybe put the drink down?

#Yourearetard

[Parkbandit]

When Methais posts some manufactured outrage with a Chinese person being condescended to with inaccurate information about their own history by an idiot on the internet we can certainly talk about that. All I did was point out how wrong the person trying to downplay slavery was in Methais' post that tries to downplay slavery.

Lock him up! Lock him up!

Now THESE are the posts you need to pry your championship belt out of time4fun's hands!

Well done.

Have another drink and please continue!

[Gelston]

When Methais posts some manufactured outrage with a Chinese person being condescended to with inaccurate information about their own history by an idiot on the internet we can certainly talk about that. All I did was point out how wrong the person trying to downplay slavery was in Methais' post that tries to downplay slavery.

Lock him up! Lock him up!

The person wasn't downplaying it. He was pointing out a fact.

[Back]

The person wasn't downplaying it. He was pointing out a fact.

In that manufactured outrage pic that Methais posted, the coward in question, hiding behind the anonymity of the internet, was not pointing out any facts to educate anyone, they were being a straight up ignorant asshole. This person was incorrect in their reply to the first person. The first person was correct. The second person was not.

Its just Mehais jerking off to anything that he thinks tries to downplay any mention of or conversation about slavery.

[Wrathbringer]

In that manufactured outrage pic that Methais posted, the coward in question, hiding behind the anonymity of the internet, was not pointing out any facts to educate anyone, they were being a straight up ignorant asshole. This person was incorrect in their reply to the first person. The first person was correct. The second person was not.

Its just Mehais jerking off to anything that he thinks tries to downplay any mention of or conversation about slavery.

You're retarded.

[Astray]

When Methais posts some manufactured outrage with a Chinese person being condescended to with inaccurate information about their own history by an idiot on the internet we can certainly talk about that. All I did was point out how wrong the person trying to downplay slavery was in Methais' post that tries to downplay slavery.

Lock him up! Lock him up!

There was no downplaying though. Clarification into the subject matter, sure.

I'll post the question another way. If you work for nothing and are treated as subhuman, are you free? What if you dont speak the language? What if you can't work for anything next to nothing due to your race?

It's amazing that people champion anti slavery when it comes to black people but peoples in the same situation are written off.

Also, learn to use signatures, please

[Back]

There was no downplaying though. Clarification into the subject matter, sure.

I'll post the question another way. If you work for nothing and are treated as subhuman, are you free? What if you dont speak the language? What if you can't work for anything next to nothing due to your race?

It's amazing that people champion anti slavery when it comes to black people but peoples in the same situation are written off.

Also, learn to use signatures, please

It certainly was an attempt to distract from the original statement which you are currently attempting to do as well.

Of course the Chinese in America at the time were fucked, just like the Africans, Native Americans, and even some fresh off the boat immigrants of all colors. There was no discrimination in who was treated horribly.

None of that is in question.

Going back to Methais' shitty meme, it just exposes ignorant and inaccurate douche-baggery by some people who want to downplay African American slaves contributions to our country.

[Wrathbringer]

It certainly was an attempt to distract from the original statement which you are currently attempting to do as well.

Of course the Chinese in America at the time were fucked, just like the Africans, Native Americans, and even some fresh off the boat immigrants of all colors. There was no discrimination in who was treated horribly.

None of that is in question.

Going back to Methais' shitty meme, it just exposes ignorant and inaccurate douche-baggery by some people who want to downplay African American slaves contributions to our country.

You're retarded.

[Astray]

It certainly was an attempt to distract from the original statement which you are currently attempting to do as well.

Clarification on your stance is not a distraction. It's prompting you to explain your side of the argument. You write it off because I'm not nodding my head and hating on Methais.


Going back to Methais' shitty meme, it just exposes ignorant and inaccurate douche-baggery by some people who want to downplay African American slaves contributions to our country.

Except it's a folk song that was derived from the older folk song 'Dinah'. So no. You are INSANELY wrong if you think that song, in any way, is attributed toward slavery or even black (for lack of a better word) 'contribution' to the railroad system.

You're just being obtuse.

[Tgo01]

Is Back really getting this upset over that pic in which a (presumably) black person claimed the railroads in the US were built by black people and then offers up as proof the underground railroad? Back, come on, Androidpk is by far the most retarded person the PC has ever had, why you trying to upstage him?

[Gelston]

In that manufactured outrage pic that Methais posted, the coward in question, hiding behind the anonymity of the internet, was not pointing out any facts to educate anyone, they were being a straight up ignorant asshole. This person was incorrect in their reply to the first person. The first person was correct. The second person was not.

Its just Mehais jerking off to anything that he thinks tries to downplay any mention of or conversation about slavery.

You're getting very upset about a random tweet that made someone laugh. Look at the name of this thread, retard. It isn't "Serious political debate into history and the effects of past actions".

[RichardCranium]

In that manufactured outrage pic that Methais posted, the coward in question, hiding behind the anonymity of the internet, was not pointing out any facts to educate anyone, they were being a straight up ignorant asshole. This person was incorrect in their reply to the first person. The first person was correct. The second person was not.

Its just Mehais jerking off to anything that he thinks tries to downplay any mention of or conversation about slavery.

Methais is Asian.

Reported.

[Parkbandit]

In that manufactured outrage pic that Methais posted, the coward in question, hiding behind the anonymity of the internet, was not pointing out any facts to educate anyone, they were being a straight up ignorant asshole. This person was incorrect in their reply to the first person. The first person was correct. The second person was not.

Its just Mehais jerking off to anything that he thinks tries to downplay any mention of or conversation about slavery.


https://media.giphy.com/media/S3Ot3hZ5bcy8o/giphy.gif



It certainly was an attempt to distract from the original statement which you are currently attempting to do as well.

Of course the Chinese in America at the time were fucked, just like the Africans, Native Americans, and even some fresh off the boat immigrants of all colors. There was no discrimination in who was treated horribly.

None of that is in question.

Going back to Methais' shitty meme, it just exposes ignorant and inaccurate douche-baggery by some people who want to downplay African American slaves contributions to our country.

https://media.giphy.com/media/S3Ot3hZ5bcy8o/giphy.gif

[Tgo01]

A popular journalist for German newspaper "Der Speigel" admitted he completely fabricated almost each and every single article he published in the magazine. He mostly just bashed America until Trump came on the scene then he just bashed Trump and all of his supporters.

Oh yeah and in 2014 CNN award him "Journalist of the year."

It's almost as if everything Trump said about the fake news is 100% correct. But people such as Androidpk and Shaft will go on believing each and every single story that cites anonymous sources. Because why not?

[Methais]

It certainly was an attempt to distract from the original statement which you are currently attempting to do as well.

Of course the Chinese in America at the time were fucked, just like the Africans, Native Americans, and even some fresh off the boat immigrants of all colors. There was no discrimination in who was treated horribly.

None of that is in question.

Going back to Methais' shitty meme, it just exposes ignorant and inaccurate douche-baggery by some people who want to downplay African American slaves contributions to our country.

I was going to explain why you're so stupid, but everyone beat me to it, and I don't want to be redundant because that would be redundantly redundant redundance.

Just to be clear though, you're saying that black slaves used to sing "I've Been Working On the Railroad" while they were building our railroads, right?

A simple yes or no should be sufficient enough. Though I suppose I can't stop you from going on another virtue signaling emotional tirade, rooted in your usual mental illness and idiocy.

[Methais]

https://scontent.fbtr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/48393823_379225239287863_5666645456520740864_n.jpg ?_nc_cat=100&_nc_ht=scontent.fbtr1-1.fna&oh=bc50348bbb1e344b18a206d3180f0b87&oe=5C9B4A95

[SHAFT]

Dow Down 600+, down to 21.7k...

Nothing like setting your 401k and stock portfolio on fire to own the libs

[time4fun]

Dow Down 600+, down to 21.7k...

Nothing like setting your 401k and stock portfolio on fire to own the libs

Get ready for some serious stagflation too.

At this point, if you don't realize that this Presidency is nothing but a giant dumpster fire then you're not paying attention.

[SHAFT]

Get ready for some serious stagflation too.

At this point, if you don't realize that this Presidency is nothing but a giant dumpster fire then you're not paying attention.

Loved how Mnuchin, while sitting on the beach in Cabo San Lucas, decided to put out a press release that he spoke to heads of banks to reassure them everything was ok.

Was probably just checking to see how things would go if they fired Jerome Powell. Mnuchin talks to those guys on a regular basis... or should be at least.

[Gelston]

Loved how Mnuchin, while sitting on the beach in Cabo San Lucas, decided to put out a press release that he spoke to heads of banks to reassure them everything was ok.

Was probably just checking to see how things would go if they fired Jerome Powell. Mnuchin talks to those guys on a regular basis... or should be at least.

How dare he travel for Christmas. Even worse, how dare he work while on vacation!

[SHAFT]

How dare he travel for Christmas. Even worse, how dare he work while on vacation!

You missed the point there. Also, the Dow tanked 600+ points the day after this release. Well done!

[Gelston]

You missed the point there. Also, the Dow tanked 600+ points the day after this release. Well done!

You don't have a point. You're regurgitating information.

[SHAFT]

Is it Trump’s fault the economy is going to tank? Yes BUT you libtards need to understand that he is trying to tackle all the impossible and painful economic problems our country faces. Notably China and trade, regulation, and immigration reform. No other President including your beloved Bambam would touch this shit because he knew it would jeopardize the economy. He’s risking his own popularity to save the country.

Have you donated to the gofundme for the wall, yet? https://www.gofundme.com/TheTrumpWall

One day, will you look back and wonder if you could’ve done more to secure our border? Here is your chance!

[Gelston]

Someone made a gofundme for ladders to get over the wall. Then someone made a gofundme for landmines to prevent the ladders from reaching the wall. What a fun time to be alive.